{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T03:10:22Z","timestamp":1789009822099,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"6696","content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Jupiter\u2019s moon Io hosts extensive volcanism, driven by tidal heating. The isotopic composition of Io\u2019s inventory of volatile chemical elements, including sulfur and chlorine, reflects its outgassing and mass-loss history and thus records information about its evolution. We used submillimeter observations of Io\u2019s atmosphere to measure sulfur isotopes in gaseous sulfur dioxide and sulfur monoxide, and chlorine isotopes in gaseous sodium chloride and potassium chloride. We find\n            <jats:sup>34<\/jats:sup>\n            S\/\n            <jats:sup>32<\/jats:sup>\n            S = 0.0595 \u00b1 0.0038 (equivalent to \u03b4\n            <jats:sup>34<\/jats:sup>\n            S = +347 \u00b1 86\u2030), which is highly enriched compared to average Solar System values and indicates that Io has lost 94 to 99% of its available sulfur. Our measurement of\n            <jats:sup>37<\/jats:sup>\n            Cl\/\n            <jats:sup>35<\/jats:sup>\n            Cl = 0.403 \u00b1 0.028 (\u03b4\n            <jats:sup>37<\/jats:sup>\n            Cl = +263 \u00b1 88\u2030) shows that chlorine is similarly enriched. These results indicate that Io has been volcanically active for most (or all) of its history, with potentially higher outgassing and mass-loss rates at earlier times.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adj0625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T13:00:34Z","timestamp":1713445234000},"page":"682-687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Isotopic evidence of long-lived volcanism on Io"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"384","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9068-3428","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katherine","family":"de Kleer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3445-281X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ery C.","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA."},{"name":"Earth Structure and Processes, Te P\u016b Ao | GNS Science, Avalon 5011, Aotearoa New Zealand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3573-5915","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francis","family":"Nimmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5768-7593","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John","family":"Eiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6869-5118","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amy E.","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9867-9119","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Statia","family":"Luszcz-Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liberal Studies, New York University, New York, NY 10023, USA."},{"name":"Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA."},{"name":"Department of Astrophysics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8397-3315","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kathy","family":"Mandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1076557"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ab8937"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2004.05.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","volume-title":"Voyager and Galileo SSI Views of Volcanic Resurfacing on Io and the Search for Geologic Activity on Europa, thesis","author":"Phillips C. 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