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We performed a natural transmission experiment to directly estimate the rate of transmission to and from vaccinated and unvaccinated calves over a 1-year exposure period. The results show a higher indirect efficacy of BCG to reduce transmission from vaccinated animals that subsequently become infected [74%; 95% credible interval (CrI): 46 to 98%] compared with direct protection against infection (58%; 95% CrI: 34 to 73%) and an estimated total efficacy of 89% (95% CrI: 74 to 96%). A mechanistic transmission model of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) spread within the Ethiopian dairy sector was developed and showed how the prospects for elimination may be enabled by routine BCG vaccination of cattle.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adl3962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T17:59:47Z","timestamp":1711648787000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["BCG vaccination reduces bovine tuberculosis transmission, improving prospects for elimination"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"383","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9403-0328","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abebe","family":"Fromsa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aklilu Lemma Institutes of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia."},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3586-1997","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katriina","family":"Willgert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8956-742X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sreenidhi","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA."},{"name":"Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA."},{"name":"The Global Health Initiative, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7605-5433","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Getnet","family":"Mekonnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Institute, Sebeta, Ethiopia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wegene","family":"Bedada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Institute, Sebeta, Ethiopia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balako","family":"Gumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aklilu Lemma Institutes of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matios","family":"Lakew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Institute, Sebeta, Ethiopia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biniam","family":"Tadesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Institute, Sebeta, Ethiopia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7443-8203","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Berecha","family":"Bayissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aklilu Lemma Institutes of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asegedech","family":"Sirak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Institute, Sebeta, Ethiopia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1464-059X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Musse","family":"Girma Abdela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aklilu Lemma Institutes of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solomon","family":"Gebre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Institute, Sebeta, Ethiopia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tesfaye","family":"Chibssa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Institute, Sebeta, Ethiopia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6449-6688","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maroudam","family":"Veerasami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CisGen Biotech Discoveries, Chennai, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. 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