{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T02:52:18Z","timestamp":1791859938337,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"6705","content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            New particle formation in the free troposphere is a major source of cloud condensation nuclei globally. The prevailing view is that in the free troposphere, new particles are formed predominantly in convective cloud outflows. We present another mechanism using global observations. We find that during stratospheric air intrusion events, the mixing of descending ozone-rich stratospheric air with more moist free tropospheric background results in elevated hydroxyl radical (OH) concentrations. Such mixing is most prevalent near the tropopause where the sulfur dioxide (SO\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            ) mixing ratios are high. The combination of elevated SO\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            and OH levels leads to enhanced sulfuric acid concentrations, promoting particle formation. Such new particle formation occurs frequently and over large geographic regions, representing an important particle source in the midlatitude free troposphere.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adn2961","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T17:59:53Z","timestamp":1720720793000},"page":"210-216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Stratospheric air intrusions promote global-scale new particle formation"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"385","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8428-3527","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiaoshi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7274-0639","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xianda","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8895-8066","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ewan","family":"Crosbie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA."},{"name":"Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3617-0269","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Glenn","family":"Diskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0797-6028","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karl","family":"Froyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA."},{"name":"Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2060-7112","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samuel","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7996-2506","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Kupc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA."},{"name":"Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA."},{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Aerosol Physics and Environmental Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2911-4469","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Richard","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9320-7101","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jeff","family":"Peischl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA."},{"name":"Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1020-3966","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrew","family":"Rollins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9123-2223","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joshua","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2659-484X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael","family":"Shook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7332-9945","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chelsea","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA."},{"name":"Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4724-9634","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kirk","family":"Ullmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5188-9378","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christina","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA."},{"name":"Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA."},{"name":"Climate Research Programme, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland."},{"name":"Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research\/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5050-3018","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Armin","family":"Wisthaler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria."},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0021-9876","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4787-2688","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luke","family":"Ziemba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4033-4668","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Charles A.","family":"Brock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2815-4170","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD026844"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1638-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-7511-2013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/94JD02832"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD02987"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/94JD01926"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL900438"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD01647"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006963"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD01647"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD009805"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2007.00323.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900759"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1998JD100011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(02)00976-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(96)00034-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5242.1650"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-11689-2021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD02629"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","unstructured":"NASA ASDC NAAMES C-130 Aircraft Merge Data Files EarthData ASDC (2022); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5067\/ASDC\/NAAMES_Merge_Data_1.10.5067\/ASDC\/NAAMES_Merge_Data_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","unstructured":"S. C. Wofsy S. Afshar H. M. Allen E. C. Apel E. C. Asher B. Barletta J. Bent H. Bian B. C. Biggs D. R. Blake N. Blake I. Bourgeois C. A. Brock W. H. Brune J. W. Budney T. P. Bui A. Butler P. Campuzano-Jost C. S. Chang M. Chin R. Commane G. Correa J. D. Crounse P. D. Cullis B. C. Daube D. A. Day J. M. Dean-Day J. E. Dibb J. P. DiGangi G. S. Diskin M. Dollner J. W. Elkins F. Erdesz A. M. Fiore C. M. Flynn K. D. Froyd D. W. Gesler S. R. Hall T. F. Hanisco R. A. Hannun A. J. Hills E. J. Hintsa A. Hoffman R. S. Hornbrook L. G. Huey S. Hughes J. L. Jimenez B. J. Johnson J. M. Katich R. F. Keeling M. J. Kim A. Kupc L. R. Lait K. McKain R. J. Mclaughlin S. Meinardi D. O. Miller S. A. Montzka F. L. Moore E. J. Morgan D. M. Murphy L. T. Murray B. A. Nault J. A. Neuman P. A. Newman J. M. Nicely X. Pan W. Paplawsky J. Peischl M. J. Prather D. J. Price E. A. Ray J. M. Reeves M. Richardson A. W. Rollins K. H. Rosenlof T. B. Ryerson E. Scheuer G. P. Schill J. C. Schroder J. P. Schwarz J. M. St. Clair ATom: Merged Atmospheric Chemistry Trace Gases and Aerosols Version 2 ORNL DAAC (2021); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3334\/ORNLDAAC\/1925.10.3334\/ORNLDAAC\/1925"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf2649"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/358570a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD02674"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD02674"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-5537-2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06312"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1968)025<0502:STEBOR>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-11113-2021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900405"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002598"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-15037-2020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002490"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2109628118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD004957"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20773-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD01713"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD01713"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2138"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2138"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GL046039"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD016724"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD016724"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-9065-2021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10874-014-9280-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1701170114"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2011RG000355"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005644"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17953"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-021-00164-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04605-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-7017-2015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-6417-2020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-22-2079-2022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-6883-2020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002617"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","unstructured":"J. Zhang Code: Binary nucleation rates in different air masses Version v1 Zenodo (2024); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.11113298.10.5281\/zenodo.11113298"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00122"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-7-3763-2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-20-0315.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-3491-2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-12-3081-2019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-14-6795-2021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOCH.0000021036.53185.0e"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD01381"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-4601-2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0613.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0609.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0609.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900125"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-8611-2020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-11319-2011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-4541-2021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-4979-2021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0699.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-10269-2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-10611-2020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-13181-2011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-1217-2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1206027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2015RG000511"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-3279-2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-3589-2019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(00)00376-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b307982c"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b307982c"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-7753-2020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-16809-2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD021687"}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.adn2961","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T18:01:34Z","timestamp":1720720894000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.adn2961"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6705","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.adn2961"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.adn2961","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-12-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}