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Because the nature of the active site (metal, oxide, carbide) is the main factor that determines the catalytic activity of the catalysts, this Review focuses on various types of heterogeneous catalysts that have been recently reported in the literature as efficient for CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    conversion to C1 [carbon monoxide (CO), methanol (CH\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    OH), methane (CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    )], and higher hydrocarbons. We focus on establishing key connections between active-site structures and selectivity, regardless of catalyst composition.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adn9388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T14:01:26Z","timestamp":1740664886000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":416,"title":["Hydrogenation of CO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    for sustainable fuel and chemical production"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"387","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4373-9625","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jingyun","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6620-4335","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Dimitratos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale \u201cToso Montanari,\u201d Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7679-0852","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Liane M.","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Fundamental, Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5966-2656","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nils","family":"Thonemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 2, Leiden, Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0923-1433","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Beale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, 20 Gordon Street, University College London, London, UK."},{"name":"Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, Didcot, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8956-5846","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert","family":"Wojcieszak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM UMR 7053, Nancy, France."},{"name":"Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unit\u00e9 de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, Lille, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42079-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41570-021-00289-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CS00527C"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","volume-title":"Innovation Outlook: Renewable Methanol","author":"Irena And Methanol Institute","year":"2021","unstructured":"Irena And Methanol Institute, Innovation Outlook: Renewable Methanol (International Renewable Energy Agency, 2021)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_1_6_2.1","unstructured":"Gibson Applied Technology and Engineering Inc. 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