{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T09:31:51Z","timestamp":1791451911043,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"6757","content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Enteric nervous system (ENS)\u2013derived neuropeptides modulate immune cell function, yet our understanding of how inflammatory cues directly influence enteric neuron responses during infection is considerably lacking. Here, we characterized a primary enteric sensory neuron (PSN) subset producing the neuropeptides neuromedin U (NMU) and calcitonin gene\u2013related peptide \u03b2 (CGRP\u03b2) and coexpressing receptors for the type 2 cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13. Type 2 cytokines amplified NMU and CGRP\u03b2 expression in PSNs both in vitro and in vivo, and this was abrogated by PSN-specific\n                    <jats:italic>Il13ra1<\/jats:italic>\n                    deletion. Deletion of\n                    <jats:italic>Il13ra1<\/jats:italic>\n                    in PSNs impaired host defense to the gastrointestinal helminth\n                    <jats:italic>Heligmosomoides polygyrus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and blunted muscularis immune responses. Co-administration of NMU23 and CGRP\u03b2 rescued helminth clearance deficits and restored anti-helminth immunity, highlighting the essential bidirectional neuroimmune cross-talk regulating intestinal type 2 inflammation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adn9850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T14:00:01Z","timestamp":1747922401000},"page":"260-267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Type 2 cytokines act on enteric sensory neurons to regulate neuropeptide-driven host defense"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"389","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8062-7246","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rocky M.","family":"Barilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 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Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA."},{"name":"Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3657-1008","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael L.","family":"Rutlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children\u00b4s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8194-9204","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Meenakshi","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children\u00b4s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habib","family":"Zaghouani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai Ning","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5630-5167","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ramnik J.","family":"Xavier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA."},{"name":"Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA."},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7177-2110","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vijay 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