{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:05:35Z","timestamp":1792033535286,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"6744","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/content\/page\/science-licenses-journal-article-reuse"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Ancient Mars had surface liquid water and a dense carbon dioxide (CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\u2013rich atmosphere. Such an atmosphere would interact with crustal rocks, potentially leaving a mineralogical record of its presence. We analyzed the composition of an 89-meter stratigraphic section of Gale crater, Mars, using data collected by the Curiosity rover. An iron carbonate mineral, siderite, occurs in abundances of 4.8 to 10.5 weight %, colocated with highly water-soluble salts. We infer that the siderite formed in water-limited conditions, driven by water-rock reactions and evaporation. Comparison with orbital data indicates that similar strata (deposited globally) sequestered the equivalent of 2.6 to 36 millibar of atmospheric CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    . The presence of iron oxyhydroxides in these deposits indicates that a partially closed carbon cycle on ancient Mars returned some previously sequestered CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    to the atmosphere.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ado9966","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T14:00:31Z","timestamp":1744898431000},"page":"292-297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Carbonates identified by the Curiosity rover indicate a carbon cycle operated on ancient Mars"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"388","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3047-8828","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Benjamin M.","family":"Tutolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Energy, and Environment, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5520-1622","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elisabeth M.","family":"Hausrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoscience, University of Nevada\u2013Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1426-1186","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Edwin S.","family":"Kite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6999-0028","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elizabeth B.","family":"Rampe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6725-0555","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas F.","family":"Bristow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exobiology Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8380-7728","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert T.","family":"Downs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8073-2839","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Allan","family":"Treiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lunar and Planetary Institute, Universities Space Research Association, Houston, TX, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5533-6490","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tanya S.","family":"Peretyazhko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amentum, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1235-9016","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael T.","family":"Thorpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA."},{"name":"Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Godard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA."},{"name":"Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9324-1257","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John P.","family":"Grotzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA, Pasadena, CA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6504-3085","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amelie L.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. 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