{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:08:53Z","timestamp":1785434933953,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"6740","content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Marine mammals rely on maintaining sufficient blood oxygen levels while diving to prevent drowning. Generally, oxygen is cognitively imperceptible to mammals that instead sense rising carbon dioxide as a proxy for low oxygen. Not perceiving oxygen, however, is risky for diving mammals. We argue that any ability to alter dives based upon direct perception of oxygen should have been strongly selected for. We exposed diving seals to inhaled gas mixes that were experimentally altered to affect circulating levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Dive duration was positively correlated with circulating oxygen levels but unaffected by carbon dioxide levels and pH. These results suggest that seals do cognitively perceive circulating oxygen and use this to alter dive behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adq4921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T22:26:17Z","timestamp":1742509577000},"page":"1276-1280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Cognitive perception of circulating oxygen in seals is the reason they don\u2019t drown"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"387","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3872-4886","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"J. Chris","family":"McKnight","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sea Mammal Research Unit, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6084-9378","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eva-Maria","family":"B\u00f8nnelycke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sea Mammal Research Unit, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Balfour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sea Mammal Research Unit Instrumentation Group, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2451-1820","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ryan","family":"Milne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sea Mammal Research Unit, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon E. W.","family":"Moss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sea Mammal Research Unit, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0097-8271","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Holly C.","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sea Mammal Research Unit, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4444-5679","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Caitlin","family":"Downie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sea Mammal Research Unit, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7562-1771","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ailsa J.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sea Mammal Research Unit, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2244-3198","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joanna L.","family":"Kershaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sea Mammal Research Unit, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003297468"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(73)90077-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(70)90077-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.05.044"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c200001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.cp020325"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00594.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1973.225.3.593"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"1099","article-title":"Aviation physiology-the effects of altitude","volume":"2","author":"Luft U.","year":"1965","unstructured":"U. Luft, Aviation physiology-the effects of altitude. Handb. Physiol. 2, 1099\u20131145 (1965).","journal-title":"Handb. Physiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani8030040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2006.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.143.13.359"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.4.2041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.4.2035"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.90991.2008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.53.4.30157880"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.53.3.30155788"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00698789"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.10191"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.5.1986"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/422227"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(87)90041-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1253\/jcj.65.738"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1985.59.6.1955"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2006.0566"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2001.281.2.R490"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.10.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(73)90003-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2008.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.145.25.736"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1977.232.5.H517"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. W. Davis Marine Mammals: Adaptations for an Aquatic Life (Springer Nature 2019).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-98280-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","first-page":"H508","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory control by carotid chemoreceptors during experimental dives in the seal","volume":"232","author":"de Burgh Daly M.","year":"1977","unstructured":"M. de Burgh Daly, R. Elsner, J. E. Angell-James, Cardiorespiratory control by carotid chemoreceptors during experimental dives in the seal. Am. J. Physiol. 232, H508\u2013H516 (1977). 860766","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5687(99)00050-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00003.2019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3323"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2019.0006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2005.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.023655"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","unstructured":"M. A. Douse \u201cBaroreceptor and chemoreceptor activity during nasal stimulation in the muskrat (Ondatra zibethica) \u201d thesis University of British Columbia (1985); https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.14288\/1.0096075.10.14288\/1.0096075"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiologyonline.1987.2.2.64"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000306"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.174.1.139"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-014-0819-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1988.sp016988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2004.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-406X(69)90055-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.65.2.30158256"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.140.3568.813"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(70)90035-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402080308"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","unstructured":"Data and code for: J. C. McKnight E.-M. B\u00f8nnelycke S. Balfour R. Milne S. E. W. Moss H. C. Armstrong C. Downie A. J. Hall J. L. Kershaw Cognitive perception of circulating oxygen in seals is the reason they don\u2019t drown Figshare (2025); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.27210594.10.6084\/m9.figshare.27210594"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1981.51.3.772"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood SN. Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction With R (Chapman and Hall 2006).","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420010404"}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.adq4921","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T22:28:46Z","timestamp":1742509726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.adq4921"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6740","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.adq4921"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.adq4921","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-06-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}