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In the modern pelagic ocean, almost all CaCO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    is produced by three groups of calcifying planktonic organisms: coccolithophores, foraminifers, and shelled pteropods. In this Review, we examine the differences in functional traits that define each group\u2019s distinctive role in the global carbon cycle and their sensitivity to climate change and ocean acidification. This synthesis reveals that a single representation of CaCO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    in climate models is unlikely to accurately reflect system dynamics or their impacts on biogeochemical cycling under climate change. We argue that understanding past and future CaCO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    cycle requires a better delineation of the traits that make up the diversity of calcifying plankton groups.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adq8520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T18:00:46Z","timestamp":1761242446000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Calcifying plankton: From biomineralization to global change"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"390","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5576-0301","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Patrizia","family":"Ziveri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain."},{"name":"Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 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