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We estimated the divergence from its closest tick-borne relative to 6000 to 4000 years ago, which suggests an emergence coinciding with human lifestyle changes such as the advent of wool-based textiles. Pan-genome analysis indicated that much of the evolution characteristic of\n            <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. recurrentis<\/jats:italic>\n            had occurred by ~2300 years ago, though further gene turnover, particularly in plasmid partitioning, persisted until ~1000 years ago. Our findings provide a direct genomic chronology of the evolution of this specialized vector-borne pathogen.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adr2147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T15:01:26Z","timestamp":1748444486000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Ancient\n            <i>Borrelia<\/i>\n            genomes document the evolutionary history of louse-borne relapsing fever"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"388","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8301-8649","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pooja","family":"Swali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University College London, London, UK."},{"name":"Ancient Genomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8731-818X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas","family":"Booth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ancient Genomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3536-8465","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cedric C. 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