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Yet, this vision requires a fundamental physical challenge to be overcome: The collective must be strong, to support loads, yet flow, to take new forms. We achieve this in a material-like robotic collective by modulating the interunit tangential forces to control topological rearrangements of units within a tightly packed structure. This allows local control of rigidity transitions between solid and fluid-like states in the collective and enables spatiotemporal control of shape and strength. We demonstrate structure-forming and healing and show the collective supporting 700 newtons (500 times the weight of a robot) before \u201cmelting\u201d under its own weight.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ads7942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T19:00:06Z","timestamp":1740078006000},"page":"880-885","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Material-like robotic collectives with spatiotemporal control of strength and shape"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"387","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0387-9447","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew R.","family":"Devlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6646-9376","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sangwoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA."},{"name":"Institute of Mechanical Engineering, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9642-8030","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Otger","family":"Camp\u00e0s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA."},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany."},{"name":"Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany."},{"name":"Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0420-5025","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elliot W.","family":"Hawkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1261689"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(91)90296-L"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2005.198"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-7906(92)90029-D"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2006.30"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2007.339623"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.301.5634.754"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254295"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aau9178"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aax4316"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1022-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2984511.2984547"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1245842"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"7460","volume-title":"2019 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)","author":"Lipton J.","unstructured":"J. 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