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Depletion in the copy number of the plasmid-encoded virulence gene\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pla<\/jats:italic>\n                    occurred in later-dated strains of the first and second pandemics, yet the biological relevance of the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pla<\/jats:italic>\n                    deletion has been difficult to test. We identified modern\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains that independently acquired the same\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pla<\/jats:italic>\n                    depletion as ancient strains and herein show that excision of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pla<\/jats:italic>\n                    from the multicopy pPCP1 plasmid is accompanied by the integration of a separate full pPCP1 harboring\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pla<\/jats:italic>\n                    into the single-copy pCD1 plasmid, reducing\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pla<\/jats:italic>\n                    dosage. Moreover, we demonstrate that this depletion decreases the mortality of mice in models of bubonic plague but not in the pneumonic and septicemic forms of the disease. We hypothesize that\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pla<\/jats:italic>\n                    depletion may have been selectively advantageous in bubonic plague, owing to rodent fragmentation after pandemic-induced mortality.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adt3880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T14:41:39Z","timestamp":1748529699000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Attenuation of virulence in\n                    <i>Yersinia pestis<\/i>\n                    across three plague pandemics"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"388","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6377-5987","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ravneet Kaur","family":"Sidhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Departments of Anthropology and Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, 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