{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T09:07:58Z","timestamp":1788944878335,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"6758","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/content\/page\/science-licenses-journal-article-reuse"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Leprosy, caused primarily by\n            <jats:italic>Mycobacterium leprae<\/jats:italic>\n            , is considered a disease introduced into the Americas during European colonization. However, the recent discovery of a second pathogen causing leprosy,\n            <jats:italic>M. lepromatosis<\/jats:italic>\n            , mainly found in the Americas, challenges this view. Here, we show that\n            <jats:italic>M. lepromatosis<\/jats:italic>\n            infected humans in the Americas before European contact. By screening 389 ancient and 408 contemporary samples, we have expanded the genetic data available for the species. Phylogenetic analyses revealed distinct human-infecting clades of\n            <jats:italic>M. lepromatosis<\/jats:italic>\n            , with one dominating North America since colonial times. The presence of millennia-old strains in North and South America indicates that\n            <jats:italic>M. lepromatosis<\/jats:italic>\n            may have been widespread during the Late Holocene, demonstrating that\n            <jats:italic>M. lepromatosis<\/jats:italic>\n            leprosy has a long-standing history in the Americas before European arrival.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adu7144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T14:00:57Z","timestamp":1748527257000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Pre-European contact leprosy in the Americas and its current persistence"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"389","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8502-9264","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria","family":"Lopopolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, CNRS UMR 2000, Microbial Paleogenomics Unit, Paris, France."},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Paris, INSERM, System Engineering and Evolution Dynamics, Paris, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1062-4058","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Avanzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Fort Collins, CO, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2863-0907","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Duchene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, Evolutionary dynamics of infectious diseases Unit, Paris, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Luisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, CNRS UMR 2000, Microbial Paleogenomics Unit, Paris, France."},{"name":"Instituto de Antropolog\u00eda de C\u00f3rdoba (IDACOR), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina."},{"name":"Departamento de Antropolog\u00eda, Facultad de Filosof\u00eda y Humanidades, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina."},{"name":"Programa de Referencia y Biobanco Gen\u00f3mico de la Poblaci\u00f3n Argentina (PoblAr), Buenos Aires, Argentina."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1223-6654","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alida","family":"de Flamingh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Indigenous Science, Carl R. 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