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Toxicity is thought to result from the accumulation of either repeat RNAs and\/or dipeptide repeat proteins (DPRs) translated from repeat-containing transcripts through repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation. To disentangle RNA from DPR toxicity, we mutated a CUG codon predominantly used to initiate DPR translation from all three reading frames. This mutation disrupted DPR synthesis while preserving the expression of repeat-containing RNAs. Despite the accumulation of RNA foci, behavioral deficits and pathological abnormalities, including p-TDP-43 inclusions, STING activation, motor neuron loss, neuroinflammation, and increased plasma neurofilament concentration, were alleviated in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C9ORF72<\/jats:italic>\n                    mice. Base editing of the CUG codon also improved molecular phenotypes and survival in patient induced pluripotent stem cell\u2013derived neurons, which highlights the potential of therapeutically targeting DPR production rather than repeat RNAs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adv2600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T19:00:52Z","timestamp":1770318052000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Blocking RAN translation without altering repeat RNAs rescues\n                    <i>C9ORF72<\/i>\n                    -related ALS and FTD phenotypes"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"391","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3605-9701","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 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