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Despite paleopathological evidence and emerging genomic data, little is known about the evolutionary history of these pathogens. We report a 5500-year-old\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Treponema<\/jats:italic>\n                    genome (TE1-3) from Middle Holocene hunter-gatherer contexts of the rock shelter Tequendama I in Colombia. Our analyses place TE1-3 as a sister lineage to all known\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. pallidum<\/jats:italic>\n                    subspecies, positioning this pathogen in the Americas millennia before European contact and before diversification of the subspecies causing syphilis, yaws, and bejel. This discovery broadens the known diversity of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. pallidum<\/jats:italic>\n                    while extending the genomic record of treponemal pathogens by millennia, providing molecular support for a deep history of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. pallidum<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the Americas.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adw3020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T19:00:48Z","timestamp":1769108448000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A 5500-year-old\n                    <i>Treponema pallidum<\/i>\n                    genome from Sabana de Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"391","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4828-356X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Davide","family":"Bozzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland."},{"name":"Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5350-1608","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nasreen Z.","family":"Broomandkhoshbacht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSC Paleogenomics, Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6221-1186","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Miguel","family":"Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Antropolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, 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University, Tempe, AZ, USA."},{"name":"Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, Los Angeles, CA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3365-6367","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kalina","family":"Kassadjikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSC Paleogenomics, Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa Pratt","family":"Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Colombiano de Antropolog\u00eda e Historia (ICANH), Bogot\u00e1, Colombia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9529-3317","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gilbert","family":"Greub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital Center (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland."},{"name":"Service of Infectious Diseases, University of Lausanne and University Hospital Center (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2129-5878","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Rascovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, CNRS UMR 2000, Microbial Paleogenomics Unit, Paris, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4176-3464","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"\u0160majs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech 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