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Climate change amplifies these forest disturbances, yet their future magnitude and extent remain uncertain. Here, we simulated future forest disturbance regimes at 100-meter resolution across Europe using a deep learning\u2013based simulation framework. Our results show that forest disturbances will continue to increase throughout the 21st century, with disturbed areas more than doubling relative to the recent past under an unabated continuation of climate change. Wildfires are the main agent driving future disturbance change. Changing disturbances result in an increase in young forests, substantially altering Europe\u2019s forest demography. Because of their profound implications for forest carbon storage and the habitat value of forest ecosystems, disturbances should be a priority of forest policy and management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adx6329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T19:01:12Z","timestamp":1772737272000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Climate change will increase forest disturbances in Europe throughout the 21st century"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"391","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2666-0122","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marc","family":"Gr\u00fcnig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Group, Freising, Germany."},{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Allschwil, Switzerland."},{"name":"University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6871-6759","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Werner","family":"Rammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Group, Freising, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2389-2158","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cornelius","family":"Senf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Earth Observation for Ecosystem Management, Freising, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5157-523X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katharina","family":"Albrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Institute Finland, Forest Health and Biodiversity Group, Helsinki, Finland."},{"name":"University of Eastern Finland, Faculty of Science, Forestry and Technology, School of Forest Sciences, Joensuu, Finnland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8274-4593","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Andr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey L. 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