{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:00:54Z","timestamp":1790398854012,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"6802","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016841","name":"KONE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202010852"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202010852"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016841","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018694","name":"Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I4WORLD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I4WORLD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004191","name":"Novo Nordisk","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF0093951"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF0093951"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004191","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Erasmus +"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Problem-solving using novel solutions without explicit training is often considered a hallmark of cognitive flexibility. We investigated whether bumble bees (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bombus terrestris<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) could solve a novel object manipulation task spontaneously. Bees trained to associate a blue ring (\u201cflower\u201d) on the floor with a reward successfully moved a ball underneath a flower relocated to the ceiling to reach the flower. In control experiments in which the flower was out of sight when ball movement began and remained hidden during transport, bees still succeeded in the task. These results suggest that these were goal-directed actions rather than reinforcement-based associations driven by perceptual feedback. Our findings provide evidence that bumble bees can exhibit spontaneous problem-solving, challenging the notion that such advanced cognitive abilities are exclusive to large-brained vertebrates.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ady1618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T18:03:47Z","timestamp":1780596227000},"page":"1046-1049","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Spontaneous problem-solving in bumble bees"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"392","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8593-3231","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Akshaye A.","family":"Bhambore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5829-004X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ece N.","family":"Akme\u015fe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4740-6167","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emma","family":"H\u00e4kkinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1798-7943","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Milla K.","family":"Jussila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2325-5785","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Juha-Heikki","family":"Kantola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oulu Functional NeuroImaging (OFNI), Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology (HST), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9094-2004","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Olli J.","family":"Loukola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"Learning and Instinct in Animals","author":"Thorpe W. 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Kohler, The Mentality of Apes (Harcourt Brace, 1925)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.30.773.563"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010213-115154"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030674"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-024-01844-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167419"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.10.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2007.07.057"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/308061a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023251"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-016-1022-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aag2360"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-120811-153631"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105466"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162347"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2024.0055"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2022.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2012.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002564"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901008106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038746"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.95709"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2003.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","unstructured":"A. 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Loukola Data for: Spontaneous problem-solving in bumble bees Dryad (2026); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5061\/dryad.w3r22816v."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.ady1618","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T18:04:27Z","timestamp":1780596267000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.ady1618"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6802","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.ady1618"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.ady1618","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-12","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}