{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T04:18:35Z","timestamp":1794025115320,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"6771","content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Understanding how life is adapting to urban environments represents an important challenge in evolutionary biology. In this work, we investigate a widely cited example of urban adaptation,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Culex pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    form\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">molestus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , also known as the London Underground mosquito. Population genomic analysis of ~350 contemporary and historical samples counters the popular hypothesis that\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">molestus<\/jats:italic>\n                    originated belowground in London &lt;200 years ago. Instead, we show that\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">molestus<\/jats:italic>\n                    first adapted to human environments aboveground in the Mediterranean or Middle East over the course of more than 1000 years, possibly in association with ancient agricultural civilizations of the Middle East. Our results highlight the role of early human society in priming taxa for contemporary urban evolution. They also provide insight into whether and how\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">molestus<\/jats:italic>\n                    contributes to West Nile virus transmission in modern cities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ady4515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T18:00:46Z","timestamp":1761242446000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Ancient origin of an urban underground mosquito"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"390","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2767-5457","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuki","family":"Haba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA."},{"name":"Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"PipPop Consortium\u2021","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5418-5587","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Petra","family":"Korlevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8558-3510","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Erica","family":"McAlister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3006-2080","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mara K. N.","family":"Lawniczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2075-5668","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Molly","family":"Schumer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah H.","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA."},{"name":"Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8898-1768","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carolyn S.","family":"McBride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA."},{"name":"Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew L.","family":"Aardema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria O.","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha M.","family":"Agramonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DeKalb County Board of Health, Decatur, GA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Albright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shasta Mosquito and Vector Control District, Anderson, CA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Margarida","family":"Alho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Unit USP Francisco George, Primary Medical Healthcare Cluster Lisbon North, Largo Professor Arnaldo Sampaio, Lisboa, Portugal."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio P. 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