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Over the past decade, dozens of acidic (pH ~3) seepages have emerged in these headwaters, causing vegetation dieback and mobilizing metals at acutely toxic concentrations in receiving streams. Acid generated during sulfide-mineral oxidation also accelerates carbon dioxide emissions by driving carbonate-mineral dissolution. Downstream (sub)Arctic rivers show statistically significant multidecadal increases in sulfate concentrations, yet their metal concentrations remain stable because of attenuation and dilution processes. Headwater stream acidification signals a major perturbation in metal, carbon, and sulfur cycling linked to permafrost thaw with far-reaching consequences for water resources, northern communities, ecosystem health, and Earth\u2019s biogeochemical future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aea2898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T18:01:13Z","timestamp":1779386473000},"page":"863-867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Abrupt stream acidification and metal mobilization from permafrost degradation"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"392","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6178-9493","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elliott K.","family":"Skierszkan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada."},{"name":"Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3823-8113","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andras J.","family":"Szeitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth, Environment &amp; Society, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9123-3261","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew B.J.","family":"Lindsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3316-228X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sean K.","family":"Carey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth, Environment &amp; Society, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-024-01446-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. 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