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To understand variation in fever risk, we longitudinally profiled fecal microbiota, oral temperature, and serological markers in 171 healthy adults receiving Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 mRNA vaccines. Fever risk correlated with low-grade intestinal inflammation, increased abundance of flagellated\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lachnospiraceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    bacteria, and increased flagellin expression prevaccine. Microbiomes from fever-high donors triggered stronger inflammation in human intestinal organoids and drove flagellin-dependent vaccine reactions in gnotobiotic mice. Moreover, microbiome flagellin phenotypes and murine vaccine reactions were modifiable by diet. Consistent with this, human fever risk was associated with self-reported diet and metabolic markers. These findings identify the gut microbiome as a driver of vaccine-induced fever, suggesting that microbiome-targeting strategies could modulate immune tone and improve vaccine side effects.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aea7733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T18:00:31Z","timestamp":1791482431000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The human gut microbiome primes fever after vaccination"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"394","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7580-1924","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kelsey E.","family":"Huus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiome Science, Max Planck Institute for Biology, T\u00fcbingen, Germany."},{"name":"Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI) Cluster of Excellence, T\u00fcbingen, 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