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In this study, we used floristic resurvey data from 896 permanent vegetation plots across 62 European mountain summits to show that local extinctions have increased over the past 21 years. Extinction rates rose with the magnitude of warming, and species were more likely to go extinct toward their low-elevation range margins and in communities undergoing stronger thermophilization. Moreover, local extinctions were significantly related to preceding abundance declines, which can serve as an early warning signal. These findings suggest that despite increasing plant species richness, plant assemblages above the treeline face an accelerating but so far neglected loss of their most characteristic species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aed2974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T18:00:43Z","timestamp":1788458443000},"page":"1021-1026","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Rising plant extinction rates on European mountain summits"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"393","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7753-3532","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Johannes","family":"Wessely","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4113-6564","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kry\u0161tof","family":"Chytr\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7187-9508","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andreas","family":"Gattringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5982-9003","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Johannes","family":"Hausharter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria."},{"name":"Vienna Doctoral School of Ecology and Evolution (VDSEE), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4732-7399","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Norbert","family":"Helm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria."},{"name":"Vienna Doctoral School of Ecology and Evolution (VDSEE), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9274-1647","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karl","family":"H\u00fclber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2745-7508","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dietmar","family":"Moser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8140-0900","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Otar","family":"Abdaladze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Alpine Ecosystems Research Program, Institute of Ecology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2428-272X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Centre for Ecology &amp; 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