{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T22:57:30Z","timestamp":1790895450692,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"6799","funder":[{"name":"CDC","award":["NU50CK000516"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU50CK000516"]}]},{"name":"CDC","award":["NUE1EH001341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NUE1EH001341"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sequencing genetic material from community wastewater facilitates the study of virus diversity. Diversity can be estimated using the variation in nucleotides and number of variants identified, increasing the information obtained from one wastewater sample. Using 12,290 wastewater sequences of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), we found that virus diversity is a strong indicator of disease transmission, with a significant correlation between average weekly diversity and average weekly new COVID-19 infections. Although the concentration of viruses is the common measure of disease transmission from wastewater, we found that diversity is a better indicator, as it is unhampered by the noise inherent in the wastewater. We show that multiple measures of diversity yield similar results, which suggests that genetic diversity could be useful for increasing the utility of wastewater data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aed6094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T18:00:41Z","timestamp":1778781641000},"page":"735-741","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Genetic variability of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and associations with community transmission"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"392","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4073-6093","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dustin T.","family":"Hill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse, NY, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3323-509X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rafael","family":"Schulman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, USA."},{"name":"Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4915-4057","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ian Vasconcellos","family":"Caldas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8895-7844","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher","family":"Dunham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Studies, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6754-3590","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yifan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse, NY, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6497-917X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daryl","family":"Lamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1305-1870","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lindsey","family":"Rickerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5168-763X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kirsten","family":"St. George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA."},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasir","family":"Ahmed-Braimah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6357-7657","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hyatt","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2143-7554","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brittany L.","family":"Kmush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse, NY, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3107-7188","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Frank","family":"Middleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1876-6536","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David A.","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse, NY, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu384"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.0c00357"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.180096"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144215"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0684-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2025.100839"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idm.2023.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgac001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150376"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.1c00160"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44221-023-00033-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.128358"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00815-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2705.204410"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117710"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/environments11050100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41369-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-023-12228-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00667-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.26042"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.3c01440"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2023.105609"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27526"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/105.2.437"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0030-1299.2005.13735.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05049-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.001513"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144216"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177676"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/21-AOAS1474"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00869-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virs.2024.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2021.03.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011345"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.11.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70241-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0003039"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0311516"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.4c00866"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03635-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/iyaa039"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00467-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","unstructured":"I. Caldas Y. Ahmed-Braimah Bioinformatics pipeline for wastewater SARS-CoV-2 sequence data. Zenodo (2022); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.18487521."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","unstructured":"D. Hill R. Schulman I. Caldas C. Dunham Y. Zhu D. Lamson L. Rickerman K. St. George Y. Ahmed-Braimah H. Green B. Kmush F. Middleton D. Larsen Nucleotide diversity for wastewatwer data: Code and workflow. Zenodo (2025); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.18406382."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0000000000001797"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wroa.2021.100100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2608.201246"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","unstructured":"CFSAN-Biostatistics\/C-WAP HFP (Human Foods Program) (2025); https:\/\/github.com\/CFSAN-Biostatistics\/C-WAP."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts503"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","unstructured":"andersen-lab\/Freyja Andersen Laboratory @ Scripps Research (2025); https:\/\/github.com\/andersen-lab\/Freyja."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00862-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","unstructured":"Health.Data.NY.Gov New York State Statewide COVID-19 Testing; https:\/\/health.data.ny.gov\/Health\/New-York-State-Statewide-COVID-19-Testing\/jvfi-ffup\/about_data."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.13707"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2017.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1912791"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1242062"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-70697-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.2c01352"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007859"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2213879119"}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.aed6094","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T18:02:02Z","timestamp":1778781722000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.aed6094"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6799","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.aed6094"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aed6094","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}