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Double-stranded RNA viruses introduce into the target cell an inner capsid particle that does not uncoat further. Instead, it extrudes capped viral mRNA by virtue of polymerase and capping activities within it. As described here, we used cryogenic electron tomography to visualize the full course of rhesus rotavirus entry, from cell attachment and virion uptake to release of the subviral particle. The cryo-tomograms and subtomogram averaging of classified subparticles link high-resolution structures of the virion and its components with time series from live-cell fluorescence microscopy. We outline the mechanism of each step in the entry process, including the membrane perforation step that transfers a subviral particle into the cytosol.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aeg4851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T18:00:33Z","timestamp":1789063233000},"page":"1128-1133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mechanism of membrane perforation in rotavirus cell entry"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"393","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5725-160X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marilina","family":"de Sautu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA."},{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conny","family":"Leistner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Cryo-EM Center for Structural Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0559-893X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tomas","family":"Kirchhausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA."},{"name":"Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5722-5890","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Simon","family":"Jenni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7215-9393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephen C.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA."},{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA."},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"362","volume-title":"Fields Virology","author":"Crawford S.","year":"2023","unstructured":"S. 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