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We found that electroluminescence failure in CsSnI\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    is primarily driven by excessive hole injection\u2013triggered electrochemical Sn\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    oxidation and an irreversible phase transition to Cs\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    SnI\n                    <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Through a dual-side optimization strategy combining formamidine doping with triphenylphosphine oxide modification to stabilize the perovskite lattice, suppress nonradiative recombination, and balance carrier transport, we demonstrate highly efficient near-infrared PeLEDs. These lead-free devices achieve a peak external quantum efficiency of 21.2% at 963 nanometers and a maximum radiance of 195.8 watts per steradian per square meter (W sr\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Notably, the operating half-lifetime reaches 920.5 hours at 7.1 W sr\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    , providing pathways for high-performance lead-free PeLEDs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aeg8955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T18:01:42Z","timestamp":1787853702000},"page":"882-887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["High-efficiency, long-lived lead-free perovskite light-emitting diodes"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"393","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3457-3336","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wenhao","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Engineering for High Performance Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P. 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