{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T22:51:19Z","timestamp":1784933479797,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"68","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci. Immunol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    T follicular helper (T\n                    <jats:sub>FH<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) cells are the conventional drivers of protective, germinal center (GC)\u2013based antiviral antibody responses. However, loss of T\n                    <jats:sub>FH<\/jats:sub>\n                    cells and GCs has been observed in patients with severe COVID-19. As T cell\u2013B cell interactions and immunoglobulin class switching still occur in these patients, noncanonical pathways of antibody production may be operative during SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found that both T\n                    <jats:sub>FH<\/jats:sub>\n                    -dependent and -independent antibodies were induced against SARS-CoV-2 infection, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, and influenza A virus infection. Although T\n                    <jats:sub>FH<\/jats:sub>\n                    -independent antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 had evidence of reduced somatic hypermutation, they were still high affinity, durable, and reactive against diverse spike-derived epitopes and were capable of neutralizing both homologous SARS-CoV-2 and the B.1.351 (beta) variant of concern. We found by epitope mapping and B cell receptor sequencing that T\n                    <jats:sub>FH<\/jats:sub>\n                    cells focused the B cell response, and therefore, in the absence of T\n                    <jats:sub>FH<\/jats:sub>\n                    cells, a more diverse clonal repertoire was maintained. These data support an alternative pathway for the induction of B cell responses during viral infection that enables effective, neutralizing antibody production to complement traditional GC-derived antibodies that might compensate for GCs damaged by viral inflammation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abl5652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T13:59:12Z","timestamp":1643983152000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["High-affinity, neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 can be made without T follicular helper cells"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7808-2670","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jennifer S.","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA."},{"name":"Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, 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