{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T20:47:53Z","timestamp":1791751673837,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"71","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci. Immunol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Several infectious and autoimmune diseases are associated with an expansion of CD21\n            <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n            CD27\n            <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n            atypical B cells (atBCs) that up-regulate inhibitory receptors and exhibit altered B cell receptor (BCR) signaling. The function of atBCs remains unclear, and few studies have investigated the biology of pathogen-specific atBCs during acute infection. Here, we performed longitudinal flow cytometry analyses and RNA sequencing of\n            <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>Pf<\/jats:italic>\n            )\u2013specific B cells isolated from study participants before and shortly after febrile malaria, with simultaneous analysis of influenza hemagglutinin (HA)\u2013specific B cells as a comparator. At the healthy baseline before the malaria season, individuals had similar frequencies of\n            <jats:italic>Pf<\/jats:italic>\n            - and HA-specific atBCs that did not differ proportionally from atBCs within the total B cell population. BCR sequencing identified clonal relationships between\n            <jats:italic>Pf<\/jats:italic>\n            -specific atBCs, activated B cells (actBCs), and classical memory B cells (MBCs) and revealed comparable degrees of somatic hypermutation. At the healthy baseline,\n            <jats:italic>Pf<\/jats:italic>\n            -specific atBCs were transcriptionally distinct from\n            <jats:italic>Pf<\/jats:italic>\n            -specific actBCs and classical MBCs. In response to acute febrile malaria,\n            <jats:italic>Pf<\/jats:italic>\n            -specific atBCs and actBCs up-regulated similar intracellular signaling cascades.\n            <jats:italic>Pf<\/jats:italic>\n            -specific atBCs showed activation of pathways involved in differentiation into antibody-secreting cells and up-regulation of molecules that mediate B-T cell interactions, suggesting that atBCs respond to T follicular helper (T\n            <jats:sub>FH<\/jats:sub>\n            ) cells. In the presence of T\n            <jats:sub>FH<\/jats:sub>\n            cells and staphylococcal enterotoxin B, atBCs of malaria-exposed individuals differentiated into CD38\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            antibody-secreting cells in vitro, suggesting that atBCs may actively contribute to humoral immunity to infectious pathogens.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abn1250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T17:57:20Z","timestamp":1652464640000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Atypical B cells up-regulate costimulatory molecules during malaria and secrete antibodies with T follicular helper cell support"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0528-9531","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christine S.","family":"Hopp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5697-0442","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jeff","family":"Skinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4907-513X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sarah L.","family":"Anzick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain Laboratory Research Technologies Section, Genomics Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5049-2571","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Tipton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6848-8709","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mary E.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0998-2082","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shanping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0974-0860","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Safiatou","family":"Doumbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6877-0093","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kassoum","family":"Kayentao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8797-497X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aissata","family":"Ongoiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Martens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain Laboratory Research Technologies Section, Genomics Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boubacar","family":"Traore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5629-0412","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter D.","family":"Crompton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2020.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2017.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.5COVA0620-370RR"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005687"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20072683"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901297"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2017.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006576"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abg8384"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108684"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004894"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.07218"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","unstructured":"World 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