{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:05:12Z","timestamp":1790737512576,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"102","content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Immunol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Although macrophages in the meningeal compartments of the central nervous system (CNS) have been comprehensively characterized under steady state, studying their contribution to physiological and pathological processes has been hindered by the lack of specific targeting tools in vivo. Recent findings have shown that the dural sinus and its adjacent lymphatic vessels act as a neuroimmune interface. However, the cellular and functional heterogeneity of extrasinusoidal dural macrophages outside this immune hub is not fully understood. Therefore, we comprehensively characterized these cells using single-cell transcriptomics, fate mapping, confocal imaging, clonal analysis, and transgenic mouse lines. Extrasinusoidal dural macrophages were distinct from leptomeningeal and CNS parenchymal macrophages in terms of their origin, expansion kinetics, and transcriptional profiles. During autoimmune neuroinflammation, extrasinusoidal dural macrophages performed efferocytosis of apoptotic granulocytes. Our results highlight a previously unappreciated myeloid cell diversity and provide insights into the brain\u2019s innate immune system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adh1129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T18:58:34Z","timestamp":1734721114000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Extrasinusoidal macrophages are a distinct subset of immunologically active dural macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8363-373X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lukas","family":"Amann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8880-3702","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amelie","family":"Fell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7863-4068","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gianni","family":"Monaco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany."},{"name":"Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9215-8021","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Roman","family":"Sankowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany."},{"name":"Berta-Ottenstein-Programme for Clinician Scientists, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huang Zie Quann","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany."},{"name":"Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta Joana Costa","family":"Jord\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Borst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Fliegauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3687-452X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Takahiro","family":"Masuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany."},{"name":"Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Ardura-Fabregat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany."},{"name":"Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9563-5874","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Neil","family":"Paterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany."},{"name":"Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2392-6684","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elisa","family":"Nent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1905-4928","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"James","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0579-6701","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ori","family":"Staszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany."},{"name":"Berta-Ottenstein-Programme for Clinician Scientists, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4329-7804","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Omar","family":"Mossad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany."},{"name":"Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8612-3201","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thorsten","family":"Falk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2094-2735","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Antoine","family":"Louveau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA."},{"name":"Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2373-6742","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Igor","family":"Smirnov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA."},{"name":"Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3714-517X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Kipnis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA."},{"name":"Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8553-118X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tim","family":"L\u00e4mmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany."},{"name":"Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0349-1955","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marco","family":"Prinz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany."},{"name":"Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-093019-110159"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.08.053"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04596-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2020.09.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3423"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.03.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0393-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"393","article-title":"Mechanisms of myeloid cell entry to the healthy and diseased central nervous system","volume":"24","author":"Amann L.","year":"2023","unstructured":"L. Amann, T. Masuda, M. Prinz, Mechanisms of myeloid cell entry to the healthy and diseased central nervous system. Nat. Immunol. 24, 393\u2013407 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.12.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02673-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3320"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01012-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0086-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0344-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat7554"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181edbc1a"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-0618-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau0964"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201242847"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp144"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0924-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad8670"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvg.23288"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4547"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.75354"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3624"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1194637"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3318"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201693801"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn2015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf7844"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-0585-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29919"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14432"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20142290"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0227-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0661-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00181.2020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00553"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12453"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12808"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.182.2.389"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05474-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01108-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201847540"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aau8380"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071800"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-023-01767-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2011.0118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts635"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2014-15-2-r29"}],"container-title":["Science Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/sciimmunol.adh1129","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T18:58:45Z","timestamp":1734721125000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/sciimmunol.adh1129"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"102","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/sciimmunol.adh1129"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciimmunol.adh1129","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-9468"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-9468","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-02-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"eadh1129"}}