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As a result, we identified a distinct CXCR3\n            <jats:sup>mid<\/jats:sup>\n            CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            effector memory T cell subset that expands with age, which we designated \u201cage-associated T helper (T\n            <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n            A) cells.\u201d T\n            <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n            A cells exhibited both a cytotoxic phenotype and B cell helper functions, and these features were regulated by the transcription factor ZEB2. Consistent with the highly skewed T cell receptor usage of T\n            <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n            A cells, gene expression in T\n            <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n            A cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus reflected disease activity and was affected by treatment with a calcineurin inhibitor. Moreover, analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing data revealed that T\n            <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n            A cells infiltrate damaged organs in patients with autoimmune diseases. Together, our characterization of T\n            <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n            A cells may facilitate improved understanding of the relationship between aging and autoimmune diseases.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adk1643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T18:59:30Z","timestamp":1707418770000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Age-associated CD4\n            <sup>+<\/sup>\n            T cells with B cell\u2013promoting functions are regulated by ZEB2 in autoimmunity"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8796-9479","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Manaka","family":"Goto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 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