{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T15:06:25Z","timestamp":1793286385248,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"102","content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Immunol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Severity of COVID-19 is affected by multiple factors; however, it is not understood how the inflammatory milieu of the lung at the time of SARS-CoV-2 exposure affects the control of viral replication. Here, we demonstrate that immune events in the mouse lung closely preceding SARS-CoV-2 infection affect viral control and identify innate immune pathways that limit viral replication. Pulmonary inflammatory stimuli including resolved, antecedent respiratory infections with\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    or influenza, ongoing pulmonary\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection, ovalbumin\/alum-induced asthma, or airway administration of TLR ligands and recombinant cytokines all establish an antiviral state in the lung that restricts SARS-CoV-2 replication. In addition to antiviral type I interferons, TNF\u03b1 and IL-1 potently precondition the lung for enhanced viral control. Our work shows that SARS-CoV-2 may benefit from an immunologically quiescent lung microenvironment and suggests that heterogeneity in pulmonary inflammation preceding SARS-CoV-2 exposure may contribute to variability in disease outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adp7951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T13:58:13Z","timestamp":1733493493000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The inflammatory microenvironment of the lung at the time of infection governs innate control of SARS-CoV-2 replication"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3642-2366","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paul J.","family":"Baker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4268-4853","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrea C.","family":"Bohrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehydel","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo P.","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryonne","family":"Snow-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA."},{"name":"Human Eosinophil Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4526-4678","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Flor","family":"Torres-Ju\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sydnee T.","family":"Gould","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4908-9993","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Artur T. 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