{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T02:49:26Z","timestamp":1794019766078,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"110","content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Immunol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Peripheral helper T (T\n                    <jats:sub>PH<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) cells can play pathogenic roles in human autoimmune diseases. T\n                    <jats:sub>PH<\/jats:sub>\n                    cells are proposed to be the major B cell helpers in inflamed joints in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but whether and how T\n                    <jats:sub>PH<\/jats:sub>\n                    cells are engaged in tissue inflammation remains unclear. We demonstrate that T\n                    <jats:sub>PH<\/jats:sub>\n                    cells comprise two subsets in RA: stem-like T\n                    <jats:sub>PH<\/jats:sub>\n                    (S-T\n                    <jats:sub>PH<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and effector T\n                    <jats:sub>PH<\/jats:sub>\n                    (E-T\n                    <jats:sub>PH<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) cells. These two subsets differed in transcriptome, epigenome, B cell helper capacity, spatial localization, and cell interactions. S-T\n                    <jats:sub>PH<\/jats:sub>\n                    cells displayed self-renewal capacity and were mainly found within tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) in synovial tissue together with B cells. S-T\n                    <jats:sub>PH<\/jats:sub>\n                    cells potently induced B cells to produce immunoglobulins. By contrast, E-T\n                    <jats:sub>PH<\/jats:sub>\n                    cells expressed effector molecules and colocalized with proinflammatory macrophages and CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells outside TLSs. S-T\n                    <jats:sub>PH<\/jats:sub>\n                    cells could differentiate into E-T\n                    <jats:sub>PH<\/jats:sub>\n                    cells upon TCR stimulation and coculture with B cells. Collectively, our study shows that S-T\n                    <jats:sub>PH<\/jats:sub>\n                    cells play a central role in promoting T\n                    <jats:sub>PH<\/jats:sub>\n                    responses by undergoing self-renewal and seeding E-T\n                    <jats:sub>PH<\/jats:sub>\n                    cells.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adt3955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T17:58:07Z","timestamp":1755280687000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Stem-like and effector peripheral helper T cells comprise distinct subsets in rheumatoid arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3515-173X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuki","family":"Masuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Graduate School of 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