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Immunol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    \u03b3\u03b4 T cells maintain intestinal immune homeostasis, but their contributions to human ulcerative colitis (UC) are poorly understood. We characterized \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in intestinal biopsies obtained from patients with UC and healthy donors using single-cell RNA sequencing, T cell receptor profiling, and mass cytometry. UC reduced CD103\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    V\u03b34V\u03b41\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u03b3\u03b4 intraepithelial lymphocytes (\u03b3\u03b4 IELs) and increased \u03b3\u03b4 T cell subsets with stemlike phenotypes expressing TCF-1 (T cell factor 1) and PD-1 (programmed cell death receptor 1) or effector-like phenotypes expressing granzyme B, perforin, and T-bet in the lamina propria. \u03b3\u03b4 T cell composition changes in UC correlated with decreased expression of epithelial\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">BTNL3<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">BTNL8<\/jats:italic>\n                    and increased\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">BTN3A1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">BTN3A3<\/jats:italic>\n                    , suggesting altered recruitment and activation. Clinical improvement recovered \u03b3\u03b4 IELs and reduced inflammation-associated subsets. Inflammation-associated changes were observed in peripheral blood \u03b3\u03b4 T cells. Thus, distinct \u03b3\u03b4 T cell subsets in different niches exert protective or pathogenic functions in UC.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adx8474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T18:58:22Z","timestamp":1770404302000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Single-cell profiling reveals diverse \u03b3\u03b4 T cell subsets in ulcerative colitis"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5158-7599","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lena S.","family":"Mayer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany."},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0450-190X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jakob","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany."},{"name":"Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Roettele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany."},{"name":"Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 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