{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T02:35:05Z","timestamp":1790217305901,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"121","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2033037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2033037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100025078","name":"Centre d'immunologie de Marseille-Luminy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100025078","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Immunol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Memory B cells underpin the capacity of the immune system to confer durable protective immunity by mounting rapid and enhanced secondary antibody responses. Hence, they are central to vaccine efficacy and to limiting long-term tissue damage after reinfection. Despite their importance, the cellular origins, molecular programs, and tissue-specific specialization of memory B cells remain incompletely understood. Here, we review recent advances in memory B cell development and regulation, with a particular focus on tissue-resident memory B cells. We discuss how memory B cells arise from distinct developmental precursors as well as the extrinsic regulators and molecular programs that govern memory B cell identity and function. We further examine emerging evidence for tissue-resident memory B cell populations in the respiratory airways and their implications for mucosal vaccination strategies against airborne pathogens. Together, these findings provide a framework for leveraging memory B cell biology in clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aef3415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T17:58:44Z","timestamp":1783101524000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Molecular and tissue regulation of memory B cells"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7535-8678","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mauro","family":"Gaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1891-7274","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kim L.","family":"Good-Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Immunity Program, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00850-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35036600"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/346749a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04522.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni752"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.2.686"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa066092"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm917"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01690-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.08.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04527-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16464-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0260-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050879"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019002782"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.182.2.890"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.1.13"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2017.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.70058"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfimm\/iqab018"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.12.040194.001001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/381751a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-020711-075032"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.03.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1814"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20251752"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20252336"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1115369109"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20111696"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20202489"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20052036"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2914"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01721-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.41641"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08533"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12733"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5312.589"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703872104"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.1.27"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.10.6808"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.02.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0713-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Shehata C. D. Thouvenel B. D. Hondowicz L. A. Pew D. J. Rawlings J. Choi M. Pepper IL-4 downregulates BCL6 to promote memory B cell selection in germinal centers. bioRxiv 525749 [Preprint] (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.01.26.525749.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.01.26.525749"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20200866"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3460"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2200922"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.11.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3554"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3788"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0177-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1877"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2022.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20191167"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241146"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01900-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000551"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1402485111"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.05.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2711-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.11.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkaf004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.9.1691"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830180306"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401553"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.11.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20161461"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05772-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29978-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12338"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1312348110"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adj4748"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adf8531"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI91250"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.05.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.08.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42625-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.11.1597"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07729-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2421724122"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07748-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(87)90291-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800003105"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abj5129"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI141810"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abl9105"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abf5314"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1091"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2053"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01557-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20181216"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2416855122"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-025-01285-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20142284"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11821-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109286"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adw1664"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abb6808"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2026.01.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20232014"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. P. Holgado S. Origlio L. Bertoia M. Moussa A. Trivedi F. Fiore A. Zarubica E. Slack M. A. Linterman M. Cogn\u00e9 C. Gregoire M. Gaya Mucosal B cell memory selection integrates tissue-specific cues via the IgA BCR. bioRxiv 651421 [Preprint] (2026). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.04.30.651421.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.04.30.651421"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Villazala-Merino L. Bertoia R. Fenouil M. Moussa S. Origlio C. Gregoire L. Almada M. Esposito S. Colombo A. Gruppi J. Allen A. MacDonald N. Fazilleau C. G. King M. Gaya Access to germinal center IL-4 microniches drives tissue-divergence of IgE memory responses. bioRxiv 692086 [Preprint] (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2025.12.03.692086.","DOI":"10.64898\/2025.12.03.692086"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0584-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08910-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abo2523"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-025-02156-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2422171122"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(99)00334-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43842-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adj9285"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104298"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2015.36"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3213"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12698"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1403246"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29736"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08376-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08489-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1285-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI121960"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202451085"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.06.020"}],"container-title":["Science Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/sciimmunol.aef3415","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T17:58:52Z","timestamp":1783101532000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/sciimmunol.aef3415"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"references-count":136,"journal-issue":{"issue":"121","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/sciimmunol.aef3415"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciimmunol.aef3415","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-9468"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-9468","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"eaef3415"}}