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Robot."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>As robots enter homes, workplaces, and health care settings, sustaining trust during social interaction becomes a central challenge for human-robot interaction. However, relatively little is known about how humans integrate signals across the brain, hormones, mind, and behavior when robots violate expectations or display social expressiveness. Addressing this gap, we examined how robot performance (congruent versus erroneous) and expressiveness (animated versus stationary) shape multilevel human responses during face-to-face decision-making with an embodied humanoid robot. Participants engaged with the robot in person while neural activity was monitored using functional near-infrared spectroscopy, alongside salivary oxytocin assays, self-reported trust, and behavioral influence measures. Robot errors, implemented as cooperative norm violations, reliably reduced trust and influence, establishing performance reliability as the foundation of trust. Expressiveness amplified these effects: Animated robots elicited stronger prefrontal engagement and cross-level neural-hormonal coupling. Elevated oxytocin was most strongly linked to reduced trust during expressive robot errors, alongside diminished behavioral influence. This pattern is consistent with a context-sensitive vigilance response, indicating that oxytocin in human-robot interaction may heighten sensitivity to norm violations rather than reliably promote bonding. Validation analyses provided small, directionally consistent support for this pattern under counterbalanced order and improved temporal separation. Together, these findings establish a multilevel framework for studying trust in human-robot interaction and reveal a critical design trade-off: Expressive design enhances engagement but can make robot errors disproportionately damaging to trust. These insights identify a biologically grounded boundary condition for oxytocin\u2019s role in social interaction and inform the design of socially effective and trustworthy robots.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aec1762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T17:59:08Z","timestamp":1785347948000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Multilevel dynamics of the brain, hormones, mind, and behavior in social human-robot interaction"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5588-8671","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yigit","family":"Topoglu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA."},{"name":"Warfighter Effectiveness Research Center, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3420-2463","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Frank","family":"Krueger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7938-6393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shawn","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA."},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5133-4613","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nina","family":"Rothstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian A.","family":"Franke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingnan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5959-809X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Gratch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Creative Technologies, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9238-9081","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ewart J.","family":"de Visser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA."},{"name":"Warfighter Effectiveness Research Center, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5514-2741","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hasan","family":"Ayaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA."},{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA."},{"name":"Drexel Solutions Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA."},{"name":"A.J. 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