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To understand EMT heterogeneity at a signaling protein level, we combined iterative indirect immunofluorescence imaging of pancreas cancer cells and tumors and mutual information (MI) analysis. Focusing first on mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, MI indicated that cell-to-cell variation in ERK activity determined EMT heterogeneity in response to different growth factors and chemotherapeutics but that JNK compensated when MEK was inhibited. Population-level models could not capture these experimentally validated MI inferences. The dominant role of ERK was consistently indicated by MI even when the analysis was expanded to include seven potential EMT-regulating signaling nodes. 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