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Amphetamine exposure in both rats and humans increases the amount of intestinal\n            <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Fusobacterium nucleatum<\/jats:italic>\n            , which releases SFCAs. Here, we found that colonization of gnotobiotic\n            <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Drosophila melanogaster<\/jats:italic>\n            with\n            <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">F. nucleatum<\/jats:italic>\n            or supplementing the flies\u2019 diet with the SCFA butyrate enhanced the psychomotor and reward properties of amphetamine. Butyrate inhibits histone deacetylases (HDACs), and knockdown of HDAC1 recapitulated the effects induced by\n            <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">F. nucleatum<\/jats:italic>\n            or butyrate. The enhancement in amphetamine-induced behaviors was mediated by an increase in the amount of released dopamine that resulted from amphetamine-induced reversal of dopamine transporter (DAT) function, termed nonvesicular dopamine release (NVDR). The magnitude of amphetamine-induced NVDR was partially mediated by an increase in DAT abundance stimulated at a transcriptional level, and the administration of\n            <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">F. nucleatum<\/jats:italic>\n            or butyrate enhanced NVDR by increasing DAT expression. The findings indicate that\n            <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">F. nucleatum<\/jats:italic>\n            supports AUD through epigenetic regulation of dopamine signaling and identify potential targets for AUD treatment.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.adx7729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T17:58:23Z","timestamp":1757440703000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["<i>Fusobacterium nucleatum<\/i>\n            enhances amphetamine-induced behavioral responses through a butyrate-driven epigenetic mechanism"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4856-4481","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samuel J.","family":"Mabry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9737-6172","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xixi","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Oregon Health &amp; 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