{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T17:38:59Z","timestamp":1784914739052,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"305","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,16]],"date-time":"2016-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":366,"URL":"http:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/about\/science-licenses-journal-article-reuse"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TW009237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TW009237"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI077376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI077376"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI084787"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI084787"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32GM081061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32GM081061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"UK Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Wisconsin Center for Infectious Diseases"},{"name":"Office of Research Infrastructure Programs","award":["P51 RR000167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P51 RR000167"]}]},{"name":"WNPRC"},{"name":"Research Facilities Improvement Program","award":["RR15459-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RR15459-01"]}]},{"name":"Research Facilities Improvement Program","award":["RR020141-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RR020141-01"]}]},{"name":"University of Wisconsin's Medical Scientist Training Program","award":["T32 GM008692"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 GM008692"]}]},{"name":"National Research Service Award","award":["T32 AI55397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 AI55397"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci. Transl. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A monkey model of human pegivirus infection provides new insights into the biology of this virus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aab3467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,16]],"date-time":"2015-09-16T20:22:42Z","timestamp":1442434962000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Durable sequence stability and bone marrow tropism in a macaque model of human pegivirus infection"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Adam L.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA."},{"name":"Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Lauck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA."},{"name":"Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariel","family":"Mohns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA."},{"name":"Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric J.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerry","family":"Beheler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin G.","family":"Brunner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Crosno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andres","family":"Mejia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Mutschler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Gehrke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA."},{"name":"Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Greene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA."},{"name":"Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam J.","family":"Ericsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA."},{"name":"Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Weiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle","family":"Lehrer-Brey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas C.","family":"Friedrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel D.","family":"Sibley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esper G.","family":"Kallas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01310-911, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Saverio","family":"Capuano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA."},{"name":"Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony L.","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather A.","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David H.","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA."},{"name":"Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2012.01.004","article-title":"GB virus C: The good boy virus?","volume":"20","author":"Bhattarai N.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bhattarai N., Stapleton J. T., GB virus C: The good boy virus? Trends Microbiol. 20, 124\u2013130 (2012).","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.027490-0","article-title":"The GB viruses: A review and proposed classification of GBV-A, GBV-C (HGV), and GBV-D in genus Pegivirus within the family Flaviviridae","volume":"92","author":"Stapleton J. T.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stapleton J. T., Foung S., Muerhoff A. S., Bukh J., Simmonds P., The GB viruses: A review and proposed classification of GBV-A, GBV-C (HGV), and GBV-D in genus Pegivirus within the family Flaviviridae. J. Gen. Virol. 92, 233\u2013246 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1997.37697335149.x","article-title":"G-pers creepers, where\u2019d you get those papers? A reassessment of the literature on the hepatitis G virus","volume":"37","author":"Alter H. J.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Alter H. J., G-pers creepers, where\u2019d you get those papers? A reassessment of the literature on the hepatitis G virus. Transfusion 37, 569\u2013572 (1997).","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-39943","article-title":"GB virus type C\/hepatitis G virus","volume":"23","author":"Stapleton J. T.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stapleton J. T., GB virus type C\/hepatitis G virus. Semin. Liver Dis. 23, 137\u2013148 (2003).","journal-title":"Semin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.12.021","article-title":"Down-regulation of intra-hepatic T-cell signaling associated with GB virus C in a HCV\/HIV co-infected group with reduced liver disease","volume":"55","author":"Berzsenyi M. D.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Berzsenyi M. D., Woollard D. J., McLean C. A., Preiss S., Perreau V. M., Beard M. R., Scott Bowden D., Cowie B. C., Li S., Mijch A. M., Roberts S. K., Down-regulation of intra-hepatic T-cell signaling associated with GB virus C in a HCV\/HIV co-infected group with reduced liver disease. J. Hepatol. 55, 536\u2013544 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14169","DOI":"10.5812\/hepatmon.14169","article-title":"GB virus C infection in patients with HIV\/hepatitis C virus coinfection: Improvement of the liver function in chronic hepatitis C","volume":"14","author":"Feng Y.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Feng Y., Liu L., Feng Y. M., Zhao W., Li Z., Zhang A. M., Song Y., Xia X., GB virus C infection in patients with HIV\/hepatitis C virus coinfection: Improvement of the liver function in chronic hepatitis C. Hepat. Mon. 14, e14169 (2014).","journal-title":"Hepat. Mon."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02752-14","article-title":"GB virus C coinfections in West African Ebola patients","volume":"89","author":"Lauck M.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lauck M., Bailey A. L., Andersen K. G., Goldberg T. L., Sabeti P. C., O\u2019Connor D. H., GB virus C coinfections in West African Ebola patients. J. Virol. 89, 2425\u20132429 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu660","article-title":"Downregulation of cytokines and chemokines by GB virus C after transmission via blood transfusion in HIV-positive blood recipients","volume":"211","author":"Lanteri M. C.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lanteri M. C., Vahidnia F., Tan S., Stapleton J. T., Norris P. J., Heitman J., Deng X., Keating S. M., Brambilla D., Busch M. P., Custer B.; NHLBI REDS III Study, Downregulation of cytokines and chemokines by GB virus C after transmission via blood transfusion in HIV-positive blood recipients. J. Infect. Dis. 211, 1585\u20131596 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2006.00366.x","article-title":"Effect of early and late GB virus C viraemia on survival of HIV-infected individuals: A meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Zhang W.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhang W., Chaloner K., Tillmann H. L., Williams C. F., Stapleton J. T., Effect of early and late GB virus C viraemia on survival of HIV-infected individuals: A meta-analysis. HIV Med. 7, 173\u2013180 (2006).","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"255","article-title":"Nonhuman primate models in AIDS research","volume":"8","author":"Evans D. T.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Evans D. T., Silvestri G., Nonhuman primate models in AIDS research. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS 8, 255\u2013261 (2013).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i7.970","article-title":"Hepatitis G virus genomic RNA is pathogenic to Macaca mulatta","volume":"11","author":"Ren H.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ren H., Zhu F.-L., Cao M.-M., Wen X.-Y., Zhao P., Qi Z.-T., Hepatitis G virus genomic RNA is pathogenic to Macaca mulatta. World J. Gastroenterol. 11, 970\u2013975 (2005).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(200001)60:1<28::AID-JMV5>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Serological and histological findings in infection and transmission of GBV-C\/HGV to macaques","volume":"60","author":"Cheng Y.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cheng Y., Zhang W., Li J., Li B., Zhao J., Gao R., Xin S., Mao P., Cao Y., Serological and histological findings in infection and transmission of GBV-C\/HGV to macaques. J. Med. Virol. 60, 28\u201333 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1086\/515255","article-title":"Experimental infection of chimpanzees with hepatitis G virus and genetic analysis of the virus","volume":"177","author":"Bukh J.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bukh J., Kim J. P., Govindarajan S., Apgar C. L., Foung S. K., Wages J., Yun A. J., Shapiro M., Emerson S. U., Purcell R. H., Experimental infection of chimpanzees with hepatitis G virus and genetic analysis of the virus. J. Infect. Dis. 177, 855\u2013862 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-013-9442-7","article-title":"A review of the Institute of Medicine\u2019s analysis of using chimpanzees in biomedical research","volume":"20","author":"Jones R. C.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jones R. C., Greek R., A review of the Institute of Medicine\u2019s analysis of using chimpanzees in biomedical research. Sci. Eng. Ethics 20, 481\u2013504 (2014).","journal-title":"Sci. Eng. Ethics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98569","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098569","article-title":"Discovery and characterization of distinct simian pegiviruses in three wild African Old World monkey species","volume":"9","author":"Sibley S. D.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sibley S. D., Lauck M., Bailey A. L., Hyeroba D., Tumukunde A., Weny G., Chapman C. A., D. H. O\u2019Connor, , Goldberg T. L., Friedrich T. C., Discovery and characterization of distinct simian pegiviruses in three wild African Old World monkey species. PLOS One 9, e98569 (2014).","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e90714","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090714","article-title":"High genetic diversity and adaptive potential of two simian hemorrhagic fever viruses in a wild primate population","volume":"9","author":"Bailey A. L.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bailey A. L., Lauck M., Weiler A., Sibley S. D., Dinis J. M., Bergman Z., Nelson C. W., Correll M., Gleicher M., Hyeroba D., Tumukunde A., Weny G., Chapman C., Kuhn J. H., Hughes A. L., Friedrich T. C., Goldberg T. L., O\u2019Connor D. H., High genetic diversity and adaptive potential of two simian hemorrhagic fever viruses in a wild primate population. PLOS One 9, e90714 (2014).","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13231","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02203-14","article-title":"Two novel simian arteriviruses in captive and wild baboons (Papio spp.)","volume":"88","author":"Bailey A. L.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bailey A. L., Lauck M., Sibley S. D., Pecotte J., Rice K., Weny G., Tumukunde A., Hyeroba D., Greene J., Correll M., Gleicher M., Friedrich T. C., Jahrling P. B., Kuhn J. H., Goldberg T. L., Rogers J., O\u2019\u00c7onnor D. H., Two novel simian arteriviruses in captive and wild baboons (Papio spp.). J. Virol. 88, 13231\u201313239 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02433-12","article-title":"Exceptional simian hemorrhagic fever virus diversity in a wild African primate community","volume":"87","author":"Lauck M.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lauck M., Sibley S. D., Hyeroba D., Tumukunde A., Weny G., Chapman C. A., Ting N., Switzer W. M., Kuhn J. H., Friedrich T. C., O\u2019Connor D. H., Goldberg T. L., Exceptional simian hemorrhagic fever virus diversity in a wild African primate community. J. Virol. 87, 688\u2013691 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3072","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.4.3072-3075.1998","article-title":"Detection of hepatitis G virus replication sites by using highly strand-specific Tth-based reverse transcriptase PCR","volume":"72","author":"Laskus T.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Laskus T., Radkowski M., Wang L. F., Vargas H., Rakela J., Detection of hepatitis G virus replication sites by using highly strand-specific Tth-based reverse transcriptase PCR. J. Virol. 72, 3072\u20133075 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(200005)61:1<52::AID-JMV8>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Evidence that the GBV-C\/hepatitis G virus is primarily a lymphotropic virus","volume":"61","author":"Tucker T. J.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tucker T. J., Smuts H. E., Eedes C., Knobel G. D., Eickhaus P., Robson S. C., Kirsch R. E., Evidence that the GBV-C\/hepatitis G virus is primarily a lymphotropic virus. J. Med. Virol. 61, 52\u201358 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","first-page":"239","article-title":"Review of the epidemiology, molecular characterization and tropism of the hepatitis G virus\/GBV-C","volume":"47","author":"Tucker T. J.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tucker T. J., Smuts H. E., Review of the epidemiology, molecular characterization and tropism of the hepatitis G virus\/GBV-C. Clin. Lab. 47, 239\u2013248 (2001).","journal-title":"Clin. Lab."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00585-3","article-title":"Clinical isolates of GB virus type C vary in their ability to persist and replicate in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures","volume":"316","author":"George S. L.","year":"2003","unstructured":"George S. L., Xiang J., Stapleton J. T., Clinical isolates of GB virus type C vary in their ability to persist and replicate in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. Virology 316, 191\u2013201 (2003).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1086\/499435","article-title":"GB virus C replicates in primary T and B lymphocytes","volume":"193","author":"George S. L.","year":"2006","unstructured":"George S. L., Varmaz D., Stapleton J. T., GB virus C replicates in primary T and B lymphocytes. J. Infect. Dis. 193, 451\u2013454 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.063016-0","article-title":"Human pegivirus RNA is found in multiple blood mononuclear cells in vivo and serum-derived viral RNA-containing particles are infectious in vitro","volume":"95","author":"Chivero E. T.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chivero E. T., Bhattarai N., Rydze R. T., Winters M. A., Holodniy M., Stapleton J. T., Human pegivirus RNA is found in multiple blood mononuclear cells in vivo and serum-derived viral RNA-containing particles are infectious in vitro. J. Gen. Virol. 95, 1307\u20131319 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.056341-0","article-title":"Arterivirus molecular biology and pathogenesis","volume":"94","author":"Snijder E. J.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Snijder E. J., Kikkert M., Fang Y., Arterivirus molecular biology and pathogenesis. J. Gen. Virol. 94, 2141\u20132163 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199703133361102","article-title":"The incidence of transfusion-associated hepatitis G virus infection and its relation to liver disease","volume":"336","author":"Alter H. J.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Alter H. J., Nakatsuji Y., Melpolder J., Wages J., Wesley R., Shih J. W., Kim J. P., The incidence of transfusion-associated hepatitis G virus infection and its relation to liver disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 336, 747\u2013754 (1997).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0802203105"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-014-0066-z","article-title":"Rapid, repeated, low-dose challenges with SIVmac239 infect animals in a condensed challenge window","volume":"11","author":"Greene J. M.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Greene J. M., Weiler A. M., Reynolds M. R., Cain B. T., Pham N. H., Ericsen A. J., Peterson E. J., Crosno K., Brunner K., Friedrich T. C., O\u2019Connor D. H., Rapid, repeated, low-dose challenges with SIVmac239 infect animals in a condensed challenge window. Retrovirology 11, 66 (2014).","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000200536.79360.03","article-title":"GB virus C and HIV-1 RNA load in single virus and co-infected West African individuals","volume":"20","author":"Li C.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Li C., Collini P., Danso K., Owusu-Ofori S., Dompreh A., Candotti D., Opare-Sem O., Allain J. P., GB virus C and HIV-1 RNA load in single virus and co-infected West African individuals. AIDS 20, 379\u2013386 (2006).","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832d7a11","article-title":"GB virus type C infection modulates T-cell activation independently of HIV-1 viral load","volume":"23","author":"Maidana-Giret M. T.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Maidana-Giret M. T., Silva T. M., Sauer M. M., Tomiyama H., Levi J. E., Bassichetto K. C., Nishiya A., Diaz R. S., Sabino E. C., Palacios R., Kallas E. G., GB virus type C infection modulates T-cell activation independently of HIV-1 viral load. AIDS 23, 2277\u20132287 (2009).","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199810)56:2<123::AID-JMV4>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"High prevalence of GB virus C\/hepatitis G virus infection among homosexual men infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1: Evidence for sexual transmission","volume":"56","author":"Nerurkar V. R.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Nerurkar V. R., Chua P. K., Hoffmann P. R., Dashwood W. M., Shikuma C. M., Yanagihara R., High prevalence of GB virus C\/hepatitis G virus infection among homosexual men infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1: Evidence for sexual transmission. J. Med. Virol. 56, 123\u2013127 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199807)55:3<203::AID-JMV4>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Sexual transmission of GB virus C\/hepatitis G virus","volume":"55","author":"Scallan M. F.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Scallan M. F., Clutterbuck D., Jarvis L. M., Scott G. R., Simmonds P., Sexual transmission of GB virus C\/hepatitis G virus. J. Med. Virol. 55, 203\u2013208 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","first-page":"1025","article-title":"Parenteral and sexual transmission of GB virus C and hepatitis C virus among human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients","volume":"175","author":"Fiordalisi G.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fiordalisi G., Bettinardi A., Zanella I., Stellini R., Paraninfo G., Cadeo G., Primi D., Parenteral and sexual transmission of GB virus C and hepatitis C virus among human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. J. Infect. Dis. 175, 1025\u20131026 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1999.39199116899.x","article-title":"Prevalence of GB virus type C\/hepatitis G virus RNA and of anti-E2 in individuals at high or low risk for blood-borne or sexually transmitted viruses: Evidence of sexual and parenteral transmission","volume":"39","author":"Lefrere J. J.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lefrere J. J., Roudot-Thoraval F., Morand-Joubert L., Brossard Y., Parnet-Mathieu F., Mariotti M., Agis F., Rouet G., Lerable J., Lefevre G., Girot R., Loiseau P., Prevalence of GB virus type C\/hepatitis G virus RNA and of anti-E2 in individuals at high or low risk for blood-borne or sexually transmitted viruses: Evidence of sexual and parenteral transmission. Transfusion 39, 83\u201394 (1999).","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2004.00665.x","article-title":"High prevalence of GBV-C\/HGV among relatives of GBV-C\/HGV-positive blood donors in blood recipients and in patients with aplastic anemia","volume":"44","author":"Seifried C.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Seifried C., Weber M., Bialleck H., Seifried E., Schrezenmeier H., Roth W. K., High prevalence of GBV-C\/HGV among relatives of GBV-C\/HGV-positive blood donors in blood recipients and in patients with aplastic anemia. Transfusion 44, 268\u2013274 (2004).","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1423-0410.2001.00098.x","article-title":"A case-control study of transmission routes for GB virus C\/hepatitis G virus in Swedish blood donors lacking markers for hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"81","author":"Bjorkman P.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bjorkman P., Naucler A., Winqvist N., Mushahwar I., Widell A., A case-control study of transmission routes for GB virus C\/hepatitis G virus in Swedish blood donors lacking markers for hepatitis C virus infection. Vox Sang. 81, 148\u2013153 (2001).","journal-title":"Vox Sang."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3776","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V90.9.3776","article-title":"Natural history of GBV-C\/hepatitis G virus infection through the follow-up of GBV-C\/hepatitis G virus-infected blood donors and recipients studied by RNA polymerase chain reaction and anti-E2 serology","volume":"90","author":"Lefr\u00e8re J. J.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lefr\u00e8re J. J., Loiseau P., Maury J., Lasserre J., Mariotti M., Ravera N., Lerable J., Lefevre G., Morand-Joubert L., Girot R., Natural history of GBV-C\/hepatitis G virus infection through the follow-up of GBV-C\/hepatitis G virus-infected blood donors and recipients studied by RNA polymerase chain reaction and anti-E2 serology. Blood 90, 3776\u20133780 (1997).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","first-page":"14","article-title":"A novel T cell evasion mechanism in persistent RNA virus infection","volume":"125","author":"Stapleton J. T.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stapleton J. T., Xiang J., McLinden J. H., Bhattarai N., Chivero E. T., Klinzman D., Kaufman T. M., Chang Q., A novel T cell evasion mechanism in persistent RNA virus infection. Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc. 125, 14\u201324; discussion 24\u201326 (2014).","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1994.1381","article-title":"Demonstration of in vitro infection of chimpanzee hepatocytes with hepatitis C virus using strand-specific RT\/PCR","volume":"202","author":"Lanford R. E.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lanford R. E., Sureau C., Jacob J. R., White R., Fuerst T. R., Demonstration of in vitro infection of chimpanzee hepatocytes with hepatitis C virus using strand-specific RT\/PCR. Virology 202, 606\u2013614 (1994).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01310568","article-title":"Specific detection of positive and negative stranded hepatitis C viral RNA using chemical RNA modification","volume":"134","author":"Gunji T.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gunji T., Kato N., Hijikata M., Hayashi K., Saitoh S., Shimotohno K., Specific detection of positive and negative stranded hepatitis C viral RNA using chemical RNA modification. Arch. Virol. 134, 293\u2013302 (1994).","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.2144\/01301bm02","article-title":"Background activity of reverse transcriptases","volume":"30","author":"Timofeeva A. V.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Timofeeva A. V., Skrypina N. A., Background activity of reverse transcriptases. Biotechniques 30, 22\u201324 (2001).","journal-title":"Biotechniques"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19056","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019056","article-title":"Novel, divergent simian hemorrhagic fever viruses in a wild Ugandan red colobus monkey discovered using direct pyrosequencing","volume":"6","author":"Lauck M.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lauck M., Hyeroba D., Tumukunde A., Weny G., Lank S. M., Chapman C. A., O\u2019Connor D. H., Friedrich T. C., Goldberg T. L., Novel, divergent simian hemorrhagic fever viruses in a wild Ugandan red colobus monkey discovered using direct pyrosequencing. PLOS One 6, e19056 (2011).","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","unstructured":"J. Rogers thesis Yale University (1989)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01360-14","article-title":"Standards for sequencing viral genomes in the era of high-throughput sequencing","volume":"5","author":"Ladner J. T.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ladner J. T., Beitzel B., Chain P. S., Davenport M. G., Donaldson E., Frieman M., Kugelman J., Kuhn J. H., O\u2019Rear J., Sabeti P. C., Wentworth D. E., Wiley M. R., Yu G. Y., Sozhamannan S., Bradburne C., Palacios G., Standards for sequencing viral genomes in the era of high-throughput sequencing. MBio 5, e01360-14 (2014).","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkf436"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq291"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst197"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","first-page":"418","article-title":"Simple methods for estimating the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions","volume":"3","author":"Nei M.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Nei M., Gojobori T., Simple methods for estimating the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions. Mol. Biol. Evol. 3, 418\u2013426 (1986).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","unstructured":"B. Korber in Computational Analysis of HIV Molecular Sequences A. G. Rodrigo G. H. Learn Eds. (Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordecht 2000) pp. 55\u201372."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1001342"}],"container-title":["Science Translational Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.aab3467","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T18:13:49Z","timestamp":1705428829000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.aab3467"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,16]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"305","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,16]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/scitranslmed.aab3467"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.aab3467","relation":{},"ISSN":["1946-6234","1946-6242"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1946-6234","type":"print"},{"value":"1946-6242","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,16]]}}}