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The extracellular matrix (ECM) secreted by the chondrocytes combined with the PCL fibers formed a \u201cconcrete-rebar structure,\u201d with ECM deposited along the PCL fibers, forming a grid similar to that of native cartilage. PCL fiber-hydrogel rings were then fabricated and alternately stacked with BC rings on silicone tubes. This trachea-like structure underwent vascularization after heterotopic transplantation into rabbits for 4 weeks. The vascularized bioengineered trachea-like structure was then orthotopically transplanted by end-to-end anastomosis to native rabbit trachea after a segment of trachea had been resected. The bioengineered trachea-like structure displayed mechanical properties similar to native rabbit trachea and transmural angiogenesis between the rings. The 8-week survival rate in transplanted rabbits was 83.3%, and the respiratory rate of these animals was similar to preoperative levels. This bioengineered trachea-like structure may have potential for treating tracheal stenosis and other tracheal injuries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abo4272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T13:59:09Z","timestamp":1695218349000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["A bioengineered trachea-like structure improves survival in a rabbit tracheal defect model"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7344-6041","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hai","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China."},{"name":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Lung Transplantation, Shanghai 200433, 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