{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:58:39Z","timestamp":1791230319283,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"662","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci. Transl. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs), including the highly transmissible Omicron and Delta strains, has posed constant challenges to the current COVID-19 vaccines that principally target the viral spike protein (S). Here, we report a nucleoside-modified messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine that expresses the more conserved viral nucleoprotein (mRNA-N) and show that mRNA-N vaccination alone can induce modest control of SARS-CoV-2. Critically, combining mRNA-N with the clinically proven S-expressing mRNA vaccine (mRNA-S+N) induced robust protection against both Delta and Omicron variants. In the hamster models of SARS-CoV-2 VOC challenge, we demonstrated that, compared to mRNA-S alone, combination mRNA-S+N vaccination not only induced more robust control of the Delta and Omicron variants in the lungs but also provided enhanced protection in the upper respiratory tract. In vivo CD8\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cell depletion suggested a potential role for CD8\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cells in protection conferred by mRNA-S+N vaccination. Antigen-specific immune analyses indicated that N-specific immunity, as well as augmented S-specific immunity, was associated with enhanced protection elicited by the combination mRNA vaccination. Our findings suggest that combined mRNA-S+N vaccination is an effective approach for promoting broad protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abq1945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T17:58:20Z","timestamp":1663178300000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["Dual spike and nucleocapsid mRNA vaccination confer protection against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta variants in preclinical models"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6492-518X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Renee L.","family":"Hajnik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4768-7458","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jessica A.","family":"Plante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA."},{"name":"Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA."},{"name":"World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9557-1847","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuejin","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamad-Gabriel","family":"Alameh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3593-4324","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jinyi","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA."},{"name":"Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA."},{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srinivasa Reddy","family":"Bonam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaojie","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Awadalkareem","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5919-3922","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dionna","family":"Scharton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA."},{"name":"World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical 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