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To address this clinical need, we developed tension-activated repair patches (TARPs) for annulus fibrosus repair and local delivery of the anti-inflammatory factor anakinra (a recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist). TARPs transmit physiologic strain to mechanically activated microcapsules embedded within the patch, which release encapsulated bioactive molecules in direct response to spinal loading. Mechanically activated microcapsules carrying anakinra were loaded into TARPs, and the effects of TARP-mediated annular repair and anakinra delivery were evaluated in a goat model of annular injury in the cervical spine. TARPs integrated with native tissue and provided structural reinforcement at the injury site that prevented aberrant disc-wide remodeling resulting from detensioning of the annular fibrosus. The delivery of anakinra by TARP implantation increased matrix deposition and retention at the injury site and improved maintenance of disc extracellular matrix. Anakinra delivery additionally attenuated the inflammatory response associated with TARP implantation, decreasing osteolysis in adjacent vertebrae and preserving disc cellularity and matrix organization throughout the annulus fibrosus. These results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of TARPs for the treatment of intervertebral disc herniation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adf1690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T18:58:34Z","timestamp":1700074714000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Tension-activated nanofiber patches delivering an anti-inflammatory drug improve repair in a goat intervertebral disc herniation model"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8383-039X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ana P.","family":"Peredo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA."},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA."},{"name":"Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, 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