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If blood sampling is attempted overnight, then this necessitates admission to a clinical research unit, can be stressful, and disturbs sleep. To overcome this problem and to measure free hormones within their target tissues, we used microdialysis, an ambulatory fraction collector, and liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry to obtain high-resolution profiles of tissue adrenal steroids over 24 hours in 214 healthy volunteers. For validation, we compared tissue against plasma measurements in a further seven healthy volunteers. Sample collection from subcutaneous tissue was safe, well tolerated, and allowed most normal activities to continue. In addition to cortisol, we identified daily and ultradian variation in free cortisone, corticosterone, 18-hydroxycortisol, aldosterone, tetrahydrocortisol and allo-tetrahydrocortisol, and the presence of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. We used mathematical and computational methods to quantify the interindividual variability of hormones at different times of the day and develop \u201cdynamic markers\u201d of normality in healthy individuals stratified by sex, age, and body mass index. Our results provide insight into the dynamics of adrenal steroids in tissue in real-world settings and may serve as a normative reference for biomarkers of endocrine disorders (ULTRADIAN, NCT02934399).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adg8464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T14:26:45Z","timestamp":1687357605000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["High-resolution daily profiles of tissue adrenal steroids by portable automated collection"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0138-3982","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Upton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, 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