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We observed autophagic flux defects in the \u03b2 cells of the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of type 1 diabetes before hyperglycemia onset at both baseline and in response to interferon-\u03b1. These defects were still present, although less apparent, in immunodeficient NOD\/\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">scid\/il2rg<\/jats:italic>\n                    (NSG) mice. We also observed heterogeneous autophagic flux in human donor islets transplanted under the kidney capsules of NSG mice. In sum, the ability to visualize autophagic flux in \u03b2 cells over time in vivo revealed impairments in those \u03b2 cells that preceded the onset of autoimmune diabetes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adj4902","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T18:02:30Z","timestamp":1779300150000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Real-time in vivo analysis of murine \u03b2 cells reveals autophagic flux defects before onset of autoimmune diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9085-6299","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Olha","family":"Melnyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, 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