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This limitation is due in part to a lack of immunocompetent preclinical models investigating the comprehensive involvement of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) in the context of endocrine resistance. In this study, we identified a subtype of immunosuppressive (M2-like) programmed death ligand 1\u2013positive (PD-L1\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) critically fostering resistance to tamoxifen (TMX) and fulvestrant (FV) through maintaining cancer stem cell (CSC) activity in new mouse models. These TAMs are recruited by Delta-like ligand 1 (DLL1), a Notch signaling ligand expressed in luminal tumor cells, through the CCR3\/CCL7 axis. Combination therapy with anti-DLL1 and anti\u2013PD-L1 antibodies with TMX reduced tumor growth and associated CSCs and reprogrammed the immunosuppressive TME in both preclinical mouse models and patient-derived explants, thus laying the foundation for a future combined immune-endocrine therapy in these patients.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adr6207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T18:58:26Z","timestamp":1762369106000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["DLL1-responsive PD-L1\n                    <sup>+<\/sup>\n                    tumor-associated macrophages promote endocrine resistance in breast cancer"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5037-8341","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shailesh","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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