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Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Stress-related endocrine responses are critical for understanding human performance and mental health. Conventional assessments rely heavily on subjective self-report questionnaires or invasive sampling such as venipuncture. Tears offer a noninvasive source of neurochemical biomarkers, including serotonin, a key regulator of stress and mood. However, real-time and continuous monitoring of tear serotonin has not yet been fully realized. Here, we present a reversible lab-on-a\u2013contact lens platform that integrates a printable, stretchable ferrocene-based electrochemical sensor for in situ detection of serotonin in tear fluid. The device is fabricated on a soft hydrogel lens and uses an electrochemically refreshable redox surface to restore baseline between measurements. Calibration in artificial tears established a limit of detection of 72 picomolar and a dynamic range of 0.1 to 500 nanomolar. Function was maintained for more than 28 days in a tear-like environment and under repeated mechanical deformations (flipping, folding, stretching, and twisting), with stability confirmed by periodic redox cycling. Ocular safety and biocompatibility were demonstrated in a porcine eye model. In a chronic stress mouse model, tear serotonin concentrations inversely correlated with cortisol in both serum and tears, and a first-in-human pilot study further supported the relationship between tear serotonin and stress with off-line analysis by the lab-on-a\u2013contact lens platform. This platform could enable applications in decentralized, noninvasive endocrine monitoring and holds promise as a clinically translatable tool for real-time mental health biomarker assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adv9538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T17:58:11Z","timestamp":1789581491000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serotonin measurement by lab-on-a\u2013contact lens in porcine and human tears"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9648-3611","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Minwoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Device Center, Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 91367, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5850-6555","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sang Won","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7982-3274","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chenguang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyi","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6656-7323","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Liangshu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6618-3036","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aliesha Danielle","family":"Garrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Device Center, Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 91367, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reihaneh","family":"Haghniaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Device Center, Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 91367, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5157-2557","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dawn","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianjun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9829-1202","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Juchen","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2152-5813","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"A. 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