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When used with a stabilized HIV envelope trimer antigen in mice, this combined adjuvant approach promoted substantial enhancements in germinal center and antibody responses relative to either adjuvant alone. Using single-cell RNA and B cell receptor sequencing, we found that the alum-pSer\/SMNP combination augmented the clonal expansion and diversity of the germinal center B cell repertoire, coincident with an increased proportion of S-phase germinal center B cells and expression of positive selection markers. Moreover, we found that the combination adjuvant approach, but not alum-pSer delivery or SMNP alone, promoted accumulation of intact antigen on follicular dendritic cells, reflecting integrated effects of slow antigen delivery and altered lymph node uptake. Genetic ablation of\n            <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cr1\/2<\/jats:italic>\n            expression by follicular dendritic cells eliminated antigen accumulation and hampered the antigen-specific germinal center response, supporting antigen delivery to these cells as a key mechanism of the improved response elicited by this combination adjuvant. These results demonstrate how adjuvants with complementary mechanisms of action affecting vaccine biodistribution and kinetics can enhance humoral immunity.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adw7499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T18:00:52Z","timestamp":1750269652000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Vaccines combining slow release and follicle targeting of antigens increase germinal center B cell diversity and clonal expansion"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0680-9834","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kristen A.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA."},{"name":"Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology Program, Institute for Medical 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