{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T23:58:19Z","timestamp":1793750299518,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"847","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012737","name":"Department of Health and Human Services, State Government of Victoria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI142742"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI142742"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012737","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012737","name":"Department of Health and Human Services, State Government of Victoria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH NIAID CIVIC 75N93019C00051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH NIAID CIVIC 75N93019C00051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012737","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FUNDING"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Transl. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Seasonal influenza vaccines are most frequently delivered as intramuscular inactivated vaccines, which elicit systemic responses against the immunodominant hemagglutinin (HA) head domain. An intranasally administered, live-attenuated influenza vaccine designed to stimulate mucosal immunity, FluMist, is the sole intranasal vaccine approved in the United States. However, FluMist has lower systemic immunogenicity and efficacy in adults compared with intramuscular formulations. In this study, human mucosal and systemic immunity were examined after seasonal intramuscular or intranasal vaccination. Nasopharyngeal swabs of adenoid tissue were used to longitudinally sample the upper airway. FluMist induced substantial increases in upper respiratory tract IgG\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and IgA\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    HA-specific memory B cells, which displayed an activated CD27\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD21\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    phenotype. H1, H3, and influenza B virus HA-specific memory B cells were all detected in the upper airway after intranasal immunization, remained elevated at 6 months postvaccination, and were associated with the presence of circulating T follicular helper (cT\n                    <jats:sub>FH<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) cells. Recently activated upper airway memory B cells were not readily detected in intramuscular vaccinees, despite the elevation of systemic antibodies and circulating HA-specific memory B cells. Thus, despite minimal immune responses detected in circulation, adults vaccinated with the live-attenuated influenza vaccine generate substantial local antigen-specific memory B cell responses. These findings have implications for improving influenza vaccines and for mucosal vaccination against other respiratory pathogens.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adz8439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T17:59:07Z","timestamp":1777485547000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Local B cell immunity and durable memory after live-attenuated influenza intranasal vaccination of humans"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6218-0762","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hannah D.","family":"Stacey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Garin-Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul G.","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7276-6660","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Parham","family":"Ramezani-Rad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7166-5195","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sydney I.","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA."},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5078-813X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Farhoud","family":"Faraji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA."},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, UC San Diego Health, La Jolla, CA 92103,USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1564-3298","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Disha","family":"Bhavsar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS), New York, NY 10029, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3540-4489","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gina","family":"Levi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4121-776X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Florian","family":"Krammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS), New York, NY 10029, USA."},{"name":"Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA."},{"name":"Ignaz Semmelweis Institute, Interuniversity Institute for Infection Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria."},{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Science Outreach and Pandemic Preparedness, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6484-6262","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shane","family":"Crotty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA."},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, 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