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These BAFF-producing neutrophils were sufficient to drive maturation of antibody-secreting cells and autoantibody production in vitro. Aberrant granulopoiesis was also observed in individuals with NMOSD receiving B cell depletion therapy who experienced relapse; in contrast, belimumab, a monoclonal antibody against BAFF, reduced autoantibody titers and number of relapses. 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