{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T05:26:23Z","timestamp":1777353983118,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5853","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T helper 1 (T\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    1) cells are important mediators of inflammation and are regulated by numerous pathways, including the negative immune receptor Tim-3. We found that Tim-3 is constitutively expressed on cells of the innate immune system in both mice and humans, and that it can synergize with Toll-like receptors. Moreover, an antibody agonist of Tim-3 acted as an adjuvant during induced immune responses, and Tim-3 ligation induced distinct signaling events in T cells and dendritic cells; the latter finding could explain the apparent divergent functions of Tim-3 in these cell types. Thus, by virtue of differential expression on innate versus adaptive immune cells, Tim-3 can either promote or terminate T\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    1 immunity and may be able to influence a range of inflammatory conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1148536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,15]],"date-time":"2007-11-15T19:33:10Z","timestamp":1195155190000},"page":"1141-1143","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":612,"title":["Promotion of Tissue Inflammation by the Immune Receptor Tim-3 Expressed on Innate Immune Cells"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"318","author":[{"given":"Ana C.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Immunology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA."},{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA."},{"name":"Immunology and Immunopathology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan."},{"name":"Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, Neurological Institute, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA."}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Immunology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA."},{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA."},{"name":"Immunology and Immunopathology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan."},{"name":"Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, Neurological Institute, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA."}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Bregoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Immunology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA."},{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA."},{"name":"Immunology and Immunopathology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan."},{"name":"Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, Neurological Institute, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA."}]},{"given":"William D.","family":"Hastings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Immunology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA."},{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA."},{"name":"Immunology and Immunopathology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan."},{"name":"Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, Neurological Institute, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA."}]},{"given":"Nasim","family":"Kassam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Immunology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA."},{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA."},{"name":"Immunology and Immunopathology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan."},{"name":"Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, Neurological Institute, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA."}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of 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Research Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, Neurological Institute, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA."}]},{"given":"Jozsef","family":"Karman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Immunology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA."},{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA."},{"name":"Immunology and Immunopathology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan."},{"name":"Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, Neurological Institute, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA."}]},{"given":"Ee W.","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Immunology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA."},{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA."},{"name":"Immunology and Immunopathology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan."},{"name":"Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, Neurological Institute, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA."}]},{"given":"Mitsuomi","family":"Hirashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Immunology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA."},{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA."},{"name":"Immunology and Immunopathology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan."},{"name":"Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, Neurological Institute, Columbia University College of 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