{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T07:55:01Z","timestamp":1778658901773,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5891","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Prokaryotes acquire virus resistance by integrating short fragments of viral nucleic acid into clusters of regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs). Here we show how virus-derived sequences contained in CRISPRs are used by CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins from the host to mediate an antiviral response that counteracts infection. After transcription of the CRISPR, a complex of Cas proteins termed Cascade cleaves a CRISPR RNA precursor in each repeat and retains the cleavage products containing the virus-derived sequence. Assisted by the helicase Cas3, these mature CRISPR RNAs then serve as small guide RNAs that enable Cascade to interfere with virus proliferation. Our results demonstrate that the formation of mature guide RNAs by the CRISPR RNA endonuclease subunit of Cascade is a mechanistic requirement for antiviral defense.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1159689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,14]],"date-time":"2008-08-14T16:44:02Z","timestamp":1218732242000},"page":"960-964","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2328,"title":["Small CRISPR RNAs Guide Antiviral Defense in Prokaryotes"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"321","author":[{"given":"Stan J. J.","family":"Brouns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, Netherlands."},{"name":"Biological and Environmental Systems, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK."},{"name":"National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA."}]},{"given":"Matthijs M.","family":"Jore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, Netherlands."},{"name":"Biological and Environmental Systems, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK."},{"name":"National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA."}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Lundgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, Netherlands."},{"name":"Biological and Environmental Systems, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK."},{"name":"National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA."}]},{"given":"Edze R.","family":"Westra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, Netherlands."},{"name":"Biological and Environmental Systems, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK."},{"name":"National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA."}]},{"given":"Rik J. 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L.","family":"Snijders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, Netherlands."},{"name":"Biological and Environmental Systems, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK."},{"name":"National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA."}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Dickman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, Netherlands."},{"name":"Biological and Environmental Systems, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK."},{"name":"National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA."}]},{"given":"Kira S.","family":"Makarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, Netherlands."},{"name":"Biological and Environmental Systems, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK."},{"name":"National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA."}]},{"given":"Eugene V.","family":"Koonin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, Netherlands."},{"name":"Biological and Environmental Systems, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK."},{"name":"National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA."}]},{"given":"John","family":"van der Oost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, Netherlands."},{"name":"Biological and Environmental Systems, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK."},{"name":"National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA."}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1138140"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-004-0046-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.27437-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.28048-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-005-0223-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2007.01444.x","volume":"10","year":"2008","unstructured":"G. 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H. Tanget al., Mol. Microbiol.55, 469 (2005).","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","unstructured":"J. F. Kim H. Jeong R. E. Lenski personal communication."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2007-8-4-r61"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1110\/ps.062131106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","unstructured":"We thank T. Verweij C. G. J. van Houte and M. R. Beijer for experimental contributions and T. Goosen (Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen BioCentre) M. J. Young (Montana State University) T. Bisseling and W. M. de Vos(Wageningen University) for helpful discussions. We are grateful for receiving strains from the KEIO collection distributed by National BioResource Project (National Institute of Genetics Japan). We thank U. Dobrindt (University of W\u00fcrzburg) for sending genomic material of E. coli UTI89. This work was financially supported by a Vici grant from the Dutch Organization for Scientific Research (Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek) and a Marie Curie grant from the European Union. M.L. was supported by the Wenner-Gren Foundations."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.1159689","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T04:03:15Z","timestamp":1704859395000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1159689"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,15]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5891","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.1159689"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1159689","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1119484.793488703","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1119484.793485582","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1119484.575683","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,15]]}}}