{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T05:51:26Z","timestamp":1779342686135,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5090","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,12,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Retinoids have a broad spectrum of biological activities and are useful therapeutic agents. Their physiological activities are mediated by two types of receptors, the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and the retinoid X receptors (RXRs). RARs, as well as several related receptors, require heterodimerization with RXRs for effective DNA binding and function. However, in the presence of 9-\n            <jats:italic>cis<\/jats:italic>\n            -retinoic acid, a ligand for both RARs and RXRs, RXRs can also form homodimers. A series of retinoids is reported that selectively activates RXR homodimers but does not affect RAR-RXR heterodimers and thus demonstrates that both retinoid response pathways can be independently activated.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1335166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,5]],"date-time":"2006-10-05T23:03:06Z","timestamp":1160089386000},"page":"1944-1946","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":265,"title":["Retinoids Selective for Retinoid X Receptor Response Pathways"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"258","author":[{"given":"J\u00fcrgen M.","family":"Lehmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center, La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation, La Jolla, CA 92037."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Jong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Sciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Fanjul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center, La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation, La Jolla, CA 92037."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James F.","family":"Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Sciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xian Ping","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center, La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation, La Jolla, CA 92037."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Haefner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center, La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation, La Jolla, CA 92037."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcia I.","family":"Dawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Sciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Pfahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center, La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation, La Jolla, CA 92037."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","first-page":"860","volume":"1","year":"1983","unstructured":"BOLLAG, W, VITAMIN-A AND RETINOIDS - FROM NUTRITION TO PHARMACOTHERAPY IN DERMATOLOGY AND ONCOLOGY, LANCET 1: 860 (1983).","journal-title":"LANCET"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05186.x","volume":"11","year":"1992","unstructured":"BUGGE, T.H., RXR-ALPHA, A PROMISCUOUS PARTNER OF RETINOIC ACID AND THYROID-HORMONE RECEPTORS, EMBO JOURNAL 11: 1409 (1992).","journal-title":"EMBO JOURNAL"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"DAWSON M.I. unpublished data."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/343177a0","volume":"343","year":"1990","unstructured":"DETHE, H, IDENTIFICATION OF A RETINOIC ACID RESPONSIVE ELEMENT IN THE RETINOIC ACID RECEPTOR-BETA GENE, NATURE 343: 177 (1990).","journal-title":"NATURE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(83)90348-2","volume":"98","year":"1983","unstructured":"EDWARDS, MKS, THE CONCENTRATION OF RETINOIC ACID DETERMINES THE DIFFERENTIATED CELL-TYPES FORMED BY A TERATOCARCINOMA CELL-LINE, DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 98: 187 (1983).","journal-title":"DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"FANJUL A unpublished data."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1038\/340653a0","volume":"340","year":"1989","unstructured":"GRAUPNER, G, DUAL REGULATORY ROLE FOR THYROID-HORMONE RECEPTORS ALLOWS CONTROL OF RETINOIC-ACID RECEPTOR ACTIVITY, NATURE 340: 653 (1989).","journal-title":"NATURE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"1153","volume":"6","year":"1992","unstructured":"HERMANN, T, HETERODIMERIC RECEPTOR COMPLEXES DETERMINE 3,5,3'-TRIIODOTHYRONINE AND RETINOID SIGNALING SPECIFICITIES, MOLECULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY 6: 1153 (1992).","journal-title":"MOLECULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90479-V","volume":"68","year":"1992","unstructured":"HEYMAN, R.A., 9-CIS RETINOIC ACID IS A HIGH-AFFINITY LIGAND FOR THE RETINOID-X RECEPTOR, CELL 68: 397 (1992).","journal-title":"CELL"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1210\/mend-4-11-1727","volume":"4","year":"1990","unstructured":"HOFFMANN, B, MOLECULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY 4: 1727 (1990).","journal-title":"MOLECULAR 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1558 (1992).","journal-title":"BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"4097","volume":"11","year":"1991","unstructured":"HUSMANN, M, ANTAGONISM BETWEEN RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS, MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY 11: 4097 (1991).","journal-title":"MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/355446a0","volume":"355","year":"1992","unstructured":"KLIEWER, S.A., RETINOID X-RECEPTOR INTERACTS WITH NUCLEAR RECEPTORS IN RETINOIC ACID, THYROID-HORMONE AND VITAMIN-D3 SIGNALING, NATURE 355: 446 (1992).","journal-title":"NATURE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198806233182501","volume":"318","year":"1988","unstructured":"KRAEMER, K.H., PREVENTION OF SKIN-CANCER IN XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM WITH THE USE OF ORAL ISOTRETINOIN, NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 318: 1633 (1988).","journal-title":"NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90478-U","volume":"68","year":"1992","unstructured":"LEID, M, PURIFICATION, CLONING, AND RXR IDENTITY OF THE HELA-CELL FACTOR WITH WHICH RAR OR TR HETERODIMERIZES TO BIND TARGET SEQUENCES EFFICIENTLY, CELL 68: 377 (1992).","journal-title":"CELL"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/355359a0","volume":"355","year":"1992","unstructured":"LEVIN, A.A., 9-CIS RETINOIC ACID STEREOISOMER BINDS AND ACTIVATES THE NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RXR-ALPHA, NATURE 355: 359 (1992).","journal-title":"NATURE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"391","volume":"71","year":"1987","unstructured":"LIPPMAN, S.M., RETINOIDS AS PREVENTIVE AND THERAPEUTIC ANTICANCER AGENTS .1., CANCER TREATMENT REPORTS 71: 391 (1987).","journal-title":"CANCER TREATMENT REPORTS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"493","volume":"71","year":"1987","unstructured":"LIPPMAN, S.M., RETINOIDS AS PREVENTIVE AND THERAPEUTIC ANTICANCER AGENTS .2., CANCER TREATMENT REPORTS 71: 493 (1987).","journal-title":"CANCER TREATMENT REPORTS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"33","volume":"605","year":"1980","unstructured":"LOTAN, R, EFFECTS OF VITAMIN-A AND ITS ANALOGS (RETINOIDS) ON NORMAL AND NEOPLASTIC-CELLS, BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 605: 33 (1980).","journal-title":"BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(81)90018-0","volume":"66","year":"1991","unstructured":"MANGELSDORF, D.J., A DIRECT REPEAT IN THE CELLULAR RETINOL-BINDING PROTEIN TYPE-II GENE CONFERS DIFFERENTIAL REGULATION BY RXR AND RAR, CELL 66: 555 (1991).","journal-title":"CELL"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05187.x","volume":"11","year":"1992","unstructured":"MARKS, M.S., H-2RIIBP (RXR-BETA) HETERODIMERIZATION PROVIDES A MECHANISM FOR 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B., The Retinoids 2: 209 (1984).","journal-title":"The Retinoids"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","first-page":"3814","volume":"11","year":"1991","unstructured":"ROTTMAN, J.N., A RETINOIC ACID-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT IN THE APOLIPOPROTEIN-A-I GENE DISTINGUISHES BETWEEN 2 DIFFERENT RETINOIC ACID RESPONSE PATHWAYS, MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY 11: 3814 (1991).","journal-title":"MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(83)90184-2","volume":"148","year":"1983","unstructured":"SIDELL, N, EFFECTS OF RETINOIC ACID (RA) ON THE GROWTH AND PHENOTYPIC-EXPRESSION OF SEVERAL HUMAN NEURO-BLASTOMA CELL-LINES, EXPERIMENTAL CELL RESEARCH 148: 21 (1983).","journal-title":"EXPERIMENTAL CELL RESEARCH"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90301-E","volume":"67","year":"1991","unstructured":"YU, V.C., RXR-BETA - A COREGULATOR THAT ENHANCES BINDING OF RETINOIC ACID, THYROID-HORMONE, AND VITAMIN-D RECEPTORS TO THEIR COGNATE RESPONSE ELEMENTS, CELL 67: 1251 (1991).","journal-title":"CELL"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1210\/mend-5-12-1909","volume":"5","year":"1991","unstructured":"ZHANG, X, DNA-BINDING AND DIMERIZATION DETERMINANTS FOR THYROID-HORMONE RECEPTOR ALPHA AND ITS INTERACTION WITH A NUCLEAR-PROTEIN, MOLECULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY 5: 1909 (1991).","journal-title":"MOLECULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/355441a0","volume":"355","year":"1992","unstructured":"ZHANG, X.K., RETINOID X-RECEPTOR IS AN AUXILIARY PROTEIN FOR THYROID-HORMONE AND RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS, NATURE 355: 441 (1992).","journal-title":"NATURE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/358587a0","volume":"358","year":"1992","unstructured":"ZHANG, X.K., HOMODIMER FORMATION OF RETINOID X-RECEPTOR INDUCED BY 9-CIS RETINOIC ACID, NATURE 358: 587 (1992).","journal-title":"NATURE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","first-page":"169","volume":"3","year":"1991","unstructured":"ZHANG, X.K., LIGAND-BINDING DOMAIN OF THYROID-HORMONE RECEPTORS MODULATES DNA-BINDING AND DETERMINES THEIR BIFUNCTIONAL ROLES, NEW BIOLOGIST 3: 169 (1991).","journal-title":"NEW BIOLOGIST"}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.1335166","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T21:03:02Z","timestamp":1704920582000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1335166"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,12,18]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5090","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,12,18]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.1335166"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1335166","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,12,18]]}}}