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Fossils and phylogeny suggest that the snow leopard experienced a gradual strengthening of such adaptation, especially since the Middle Pleistocene (~0.8 million years). Species distribution modeling suggests that the locations of the fossil sites are not within most suitable area, and we argue that local landscape features are more influential factors than temperature and altitude alone. Our study underscores the importance of integrating morphology, fossil records, and species distribution modeling, to comprehensively understand the evolution, ecology, and inform conservation strategies for endangered species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adp5243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T19:00:44Z","timestamp":1736967644000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Insights on the evolution and adaptation toward high-altitude and cold environments in the snow leopard lineage"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4773-5349","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qigao","family":"Jiangzuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10044, China."},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871, China."}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Madurell-Malapeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Sciences Department, Paleo[Fab]Lab, Universit\u00e0 di Firenze, Via G. 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