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Here, we present direct compound-specific radiocarbon dates for the child\u2019s skeleton [27,780 to 28,550 calibrated years before present (cal B.P.)] and five associated bones from the burial and underlying contexts. We reassess the chronology and archaeological interpretation of the burial in light of these new dates and demonstrate the suitability of hydroxyproline radiocarbon dating for poorly preserved Paleolithic samples that otherwise fail routine radiocarbon pretreatment methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adp5769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T18:59:41Z","timestamp":1741373981000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Direct hydroxyproline radiocarbon dating of the Lapedo child (Abrigo do Lagar Velho, Leiria, Portugal)"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5148-4066","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bethan","family":"Linscott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK."},{"name":"Robert K. Johnson Center for Marine Conservation, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0495-7398","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thibaut","family":"Devi\u00e8se","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche et d'Enseignement de G\u00e9osciences de l'Environnement, Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5997-6742","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cid\u00e1lia","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comiss\u00e3o de Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento Regional do Norte, 4150-304 Porto, Portugal."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5175-1651","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Erik","family":"Trinkaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5937-3061","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Zilh\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIARQ\u2014Centro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-214 Lisbon, Portugal."}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.13.7604"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"J. 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